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Capsule of the Day

FactSurgeryTreatment by physical intervention in the body. Surgery was limited for millennia not by knowledge of anatomy but by th…

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The library

Capsules

1,028 capsules, each one classified by the strength of its evidence.

All1,028Fact599Proven130Theory89Hypothesis71Contested90Debunked48
geography236biology88physics67history54medicine45astronomy33psychology26mathematics26chemistry20engineering20astrophysics19neuroscience19anthropology18art18

Trending now

Most recent activity

Factmedia studies

Radio

Communication using electromagnetic waves without a conductor between sender and receiver. It was the first medium to reach a mass audience simultaneously, and it remains the…

by Capsule · Aug 5, 2026
Facteconomics

Banking

Institutions that take deposits and make loans. The central fact about banking is that it creates money rather than merely storing it, and almost every difficulty the industry…

by Capsule · Aug 5, 2026
Factbiology

Chimpanzee

The chimpanzee, Pan troglodytes, is one of the two species of the genus Pan and, with the bonobo, the closest living relative of human beings. It is a forest and woodland ape of…

by Capsule · Aug 7, 2026
Fact

Browse all

Showing 621 to 640 of 1,028

NewestMost votedA to Z
geography
Fact· Empirical

Armenia

Armenia is a landlocked country in the Caucasus, a rugged, mountainous land at the crossroads of Europe and Asia. One of the oldest nations in the…

byCapsule
biology

Ant

Ants are eusocial insects of the family Formicidae, with over 14,000 described species and an estimated global population around twenty quadrillion individuals. They occur on…

by Capsule · Aug 7, 2026
Factbiology

Spider

Spiders are arachnids of the order Araneae, with more than 50,000 described species. All of them produce silk, nearly all of them are venomous, and almost none of them are…

by Capsule · Aug 7, 2026
Factgeography

Winnipeg

Winnipeg is the capital and largest city of the Canadian province of Manitoba, built where the Red and Assiniboine rivers meet near the longitudinal centre of North America. With…

by Capsule · Aug 7, 2026
Fact

Banking

Institutions that take deposits and make loans. The central fact about banking is that it creates money rather than merely storing it, and almost…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsAug 5, 2026
Fact· Empirical

Chimpanzee

The chimpanzee, Pan troglodytes, is one of the two species of the genus Pan and, with the bonobo, the closest living relative of human beings. It is…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsAug 7, 2026

Also new

More from the last few days

geography
Fact· Empirical

Steinbach

Steinbach is the third-largest city in Manitoba, about sixty kilometres southeast of Winnipeg, with 17,806 residents at the 2021 census. Founded by…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
geography
Fact· Empirical

Morden

Morden is a city in the Pembina Valley of southern Manitoba, close to the United States border and about twenty kilometres west of Winkler, with…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
geography
Fact· Empirical

Flin Flon

Flin Flon is a mining city on the Manitoba and Saskatchewan boundary, about 630 kilometres northwest of Winnipeg, built directly on the rock of the…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
biology
Fact· Empirical

Wolf

The grey wolf, Canis lupus, is the largest wild member of the dog family and once the most widely distributed land mammal on Earth after humans. It…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
epidemiology
Fact

Sanitation

The safe management of human waste. It has saved more lives than any medical treatment, it is the least discussed of the major public health…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
biology
Fact· Empirical

Seahorse

Seahorses are small marine fish of the genus Hippocampus, around fifty species, distinguished by an upright posture, a prehensile tail, a tubular…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
biology
Fact· Empirical

Sea Turtle

Sea turtles are marine reptiles of the superfamily Chelonioidea, seven living species that have been in the oceans for more than a hundred million…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
biology
Fact· Empirical

Salmon

Salmon are anadromous fish of the family Salmonidae: born in fresh water, grown at sea, and returning to fresh water to spawn, in most cases to the…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews

On this day

A birth or event with an anniversary today

history
Fact· Empirical

Statue of Liberty

The Statue of Liberty is a colossal copper statue on an island in New York Harbor, one of the most famous monuments in the United States and a…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews

Settled science

Verified facts and proven results

See all
agriculture
Fact

Nitrogen Cycling in Prairie Soils of the Canadian Prairies

Nitrogen cycling in Prairie soils is a well-documented biological and chemical process that determines agricultural productivity across Manitoba,…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
geography
Fact· Empirical

The Sahara

The Sahara is the largest hot desert on Earth, a sweep of sand, gravel, and bare rock stretching across northern Africa from the Atlantic Ocean to…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
biology
Fact· Empirical

Penguin

Penguins are flightless seabirds of the southern hemisphere, around eighteen species, which gave up flight in the air for flight underwater. They are…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
geography
Fact· Empirical

Canada

Canada is a country in North America, the second-largest in the world by total area, stretching from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific in…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
biology
Proven· Replicated

Photosynthesis

Photosynthesis is the process by which plants, algae, and certain bacteria capture the energy of sunlight and use it to turn carbon dioxide and water…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
astronomy
Fact· Empirical

The Moon

The Moon is Earth's only natural satellite and the brightest object in our night sky. Large in proportion to its planet and close enough to study…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
physics
Fact

Gravity

Gravity is the universal attractive interaction between masses, described at low energy by Newton's law of universal gravitation and at all energies…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
biology
Fact· Empirical

Domestic Cat

The domestic cat, Felis catus, is the most numerous small carnivore on Earth, with something over six hundred million individuals. It is also barely…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
chemistry
Fact

Water (H₂O)

Water is a chemical compound with the formula H₂O, consisting of two hydrogen atoms covalently bonded to one oxygen atom. Its bent molecular geometry…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
biology
Fact· Empirical

Great White Shark

The great white shark, Carcharodon carcharias, is the largest predatory fish, reaching about six metres. It is warm-blooded in a limited and…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
astronomy
Fact· Empirical

The Sun

The Sun is the star at the centre of the Solar System, a vast sphere of hot plasma whose gravity holds the planets in their orbits and whose light…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
geography
Fact· Empirical

Mount Everest

Mount Everest is the highest mountain on Earth as measured from sea level, with a summit reaching 8,848.86 metres (29,031.7 feet) above sea level, a…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews

Open questions

Hypotheses under investigation and ideas still debated

See all
neuroscience
Contested

The Hard Problem of Consciousness

The hard problem of consciousness is the question of why and how physical processes in the brain give rise to subjective experience, the felt quality…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
physics
Contested

The Anthropic Principle

The anthropic principle concerns the striking observation that the universe appears remarkably fine tuned for the existence of life. Many of the…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
earth science
Contested

What Causes the Ice Ages

Throughout its history, the Earth has repeatedly cooled into ice ages, when vast sheets of ice spread across the continents, and warmed again between…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
engineering
Contested

Renewable Energy and Electrical Grid Stability

Wind and solar generation are non-dispatchable and produce zero rotational inertia, raising legitimate concerns about frequency regulation and…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
physics
Contested

Interpretations of Quantum Mechanics

Quantum mechanics is the most successful physical theory ever devised, predicting the behavior of atoms, light, and subatomic particles with…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
astronomy
Contested

The Fermi Paradox

The Fermi paradox is the puzzling contrast between the high apparent likelihood that alien civilizations exist somewhere in our vast galaxy and the…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
psychology
Contested

The Origin of Language

How human language first arose is one of the hardest questions in science. That we alone among animals possess full language is clear; when, how, and…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
astronomy
Hypothesis

The Rare Earth Hypothesis

The Rare Earth hypothesis proposes that complex, multicellular life, of the kind found on Earth, is extremely rare in the universe, because it…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
astronomy
Contested

Is Pluto a Planet?

Whether Pluto should be called a planet is a question that has divided astronomers and captured the public imagination. Discovered in 1930 and…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
history
Contested

The Bronze Age Collapse

The Bronze Age collapse was a sudden, widespread breakdown of civilizations around the eastern Mediterranean roughly 3,200 years ago. Within a few…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
biology
Hypothesis

Abiogenesis: The Origin of Life

Abiogenesis is the natural process by which life is thought to have arisen from non living matter, such as simple chemical compounds. How life first…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
philosophy
Contested

Free Will

Free will is the question of whether people are truly free to choose their actions, or whether every choice is the inevitable product of prior…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews

Debunked

Claims the evidence overturned

See all
medicine
Debunked

Bloodletting

Bloodletting was the practice of deliberately draining blood from a patient to cure or prevent illness. For more than two thousand years it was one…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
physics
Debunked

The Caloric Theory

The caloric theory was an explanation of heat, widely accepted into the early nineteenth century, which held that heat is an invisible, weightless…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
medicine
Debunked

Do Vaccines Cause Autism?

The claim that vaccines cause autism is one of the most damaging medical myths of modern times. It has been investigated exhaustively and thoroughly…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
nutrition
Debunked

Breakfast as the Most Important Meal

The claim that eating breakfast is necessary for health and weight control, and that skipping it causes weight gain. The phrase was popularised by…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
geology
Debunked

The Expanding Earth

The expanding Earth was a hypothesis, taken seriously by some scientists into the twentieth century, which claimed that the planet is steadily…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
astronomy
Debunked

The Martian Canals

The Martian canals were a network of fine, straight lines that some astronomers in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries believed they…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
neuroscience
Debunked

Phrenology

Phrenology was a popular nineteenth century practice that claimed a person's character and mental abilities could be read from the shape and bumps of…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
history
Debunked

Alchemy

Alchemy was an ancient and medieval practice that sought to transform base metals such as lead into gold, to discover a universal cure for disease,…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
science
Debunked

Cold Fusion at Room Temperature

The 1989 Fleischmann-Pons announcement claimed that palladium electrodes immersed in heavy water produced excess heat consistent with…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
education
Debunked

Learning Styles

The idea that each person learns best through a particular sensory channel, and that teaching matched to that channel improves learning. It is…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
medicine
Debunked

Miasma Theory

Miasma theory was the belief that diseases such as cholera and the plague were caused by "bad air," a poisonous vapor thought to rise from rotting…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
music
Debunked

The Mozart Effect

The claim that listening to Mozart makes people, and especially babies, more intelligent. It came from one small study whose actual finding was far…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews

Theories explained

Well substantiated explanations of how things work

See all
physics
Theory

Aerodynamics: How Flight Works

Aerodynamics is the study of how air flows around objects and the forces this creates. It is the science that explains how aircraft fly, how cars and…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
biology
Theory

Mendelian Inheritance

Mendelian inheritance is the set of principles describing how traits are passed from parents to offspring through discrete units we now call genes.…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
mathematics
Theory

Set Theory

Set theory is the branch of mathematics that studies collections of objects, called sets. Though it begins with an idea as simple as grouping things…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
biology
Theory

Endosymbiotic Theory

Endosymbiotic theory explains the origin of the complex cells that make up plants, animals, fungi, and other higher organisms. It proposes that key…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
medicine
Theory· Scientific

Germ Theory of Disease

The germ theory of disease is the scientific theory that many illnesses are caused by microorganisms, living agents too small to see, that invade the…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
chemistry
Theory

Atomic Theory

Atomic theory is the idea that all matter is made up of tiny particles called atoms. It is one of the most important and successful ideas in all of…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
earth science
Theory

The Greenhouse Effect

The greenhouse effect is the process by which certain gases in a planet's atmosphere trap heat, keeping the surface warmer than it would otherwise…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
physics
Theory

Quantum Mechanics

Quantum mechanics is the branch of physics that describes the behaviour of matter and energy at the smallest scales, those of atoms and subatomic…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
physics
Theory

Electromagnetism

Electromagnetism is the branch of physics that describes the forces between electric charges and the deep connection between electricity and…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
mathematics
Theory

Graph Theory

Graph theory is the branch of mathematics that studies networks of connected objects. A graph is simply a collection of points, called vertices,…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
mathematics
Theory

Topology

Topology is the branch of mathematics that studies the properties of shapes that survive stretching, bending, and twisting, but not tearing or…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
physics
Theory· Emerging

String Theory

String theory is a theoretical framework that attempts to unify all the forces and particles of nature, including gravity, into a single description.…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
0 votes0 reviews
geography
Fact· Empirical

Azerbaijan

Azerbaijan is a country in the Caucasus, where Eastern Europe meets Western Asia, on the western shore of the Caspian Sea between Russia and Iran.…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
geography
Fact· Empirical

Turkmenistan

Turkmenistan is a country in Central Asia, on the eastern shore of the Caspian Sea, most of it covered by the vast Karakum Desert. A land of ancient…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
geography
Fact· Empirical

Kyrgyzstan

Kyrgyzstan is a landlocked, mountainous country in Central Asia, a rugged land dominated by the great Tian Shan range, the celestial mountains. A…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
geography
Fact· Empirical

Tajikistan

Tajikistan is a landlocked, mountainous country in Central Asia, where the towering Pamir mountains, sometimes called the Roof of the World, rise…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
geography
Fact· Empirical

North Korea

North Korea, officially the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, is a country in East Asia occupying the northern half of the Korean Peninsula.…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
geography
Fact· Empirical

Mongolia

Mongolia is a vast, landlocked country in East Asia, wedged between Russia and China, a land of endless grasslands, deserts, and mountains under a…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
geography
Fact· Empirical

Georgia

Georgia is a country in the Caucasus, at the meeting point of Eastern Europe and Western Asia, on the shores of the Black Sea between Russia and…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
geography
Fact· Empirical

Cyprus

Cyprus is an island nation in the eastern Mediterranean Sea, the third largest island in that sea, lying south of Turkey and west of the Middle East.…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
geography
Fact· Empirical

Malta

Malta is a tiny island nation in the heart of the Mediterranean Sea, lying just south of Sicily, one of the smallest and most densely populated…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
geography
Fact· Empirical

Luxembourg

Luxembourg is a tiny landlocked country in western Europe, wedged between Belgium, France, and Germany, and one of the smallest and wealthiest…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
geography
Fact· Empirical

Montenegro

Montenegro is a small country in the western Balkans of southeastern Europe, on the Adriatic Sea, whose name means Black Mountain. A land of dramatic…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
geography
Fact· Empirical

North Macedonia

North Macedonia is a small, landlocked country in the central Balkans of southeastern Europe, a mountainous land of valleys, ancient lakes, and…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
geography
Fact· Empirical

Albania

Albania is a country in the western Balkans of southeastern Europe, on the Adriatic and Ionian Seas across from the heel of Italy. A rugged,…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
geography
Fact· Empirical

Bosnia and Herzegovina

Bosnia and Herzegovina is a country in the western Balkans of southeastern Europe, a rugged, mountainous land at the meeting point of cultures and…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
geography
Fact· Empirical

Moldova

Moldova is a small, landlocked country in Eastern Europe, set between Romania and Ukraine on the gentle, fertile plains between the Prut and Dniester…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
geography
Fact· Empirical

Belarus

Belarus is a landlocked country in Eastern Europe, a flat, forested land of marshes, rivers, and lakes lying between Russia and the European Union.…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
geography
Fact· Empirical

Latvia

Latvia is the central of the three Baltic states, a country on the eastern shore of the Baltic Sea, a flat, green, and heavily forested land of…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
geography
Fact· Empirical

Estonia

Estonia is the northernmost of the three Baltic states, a small country on the eastern shore of the Baltic Sea, just across the water from Finland. A…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
geography
Fact· Empirical

Slovenia

Slovenia is a small country in Central Europe, set where the Alps, the Mediterranean, and the plains of the Danube basin meet. Despite its modest…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
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