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DebunkedThe PolygraphThe instrument popularly called a lie detector, which records breathing, blood pressure, pulse and skin conductance dur…

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The library

Capsules

1,028 capsules, each one classified by the strength of its evidence.

All1,028Fact599Proven130Theory89Hypothesis71Contested90Debunked48
geography236biology88physics67history54medicine45astronomy33psychology26mathematics26chemistry20engineering20astrophysics19neuroscience19anthropology18art18
Filtered byContestedClear all

Results

Showing 1 to 20 of 90

NewestMost votedA to Z
neuroscience
Contested

Why We Sleep

Sleep is universal among animals with nervous systems, is regulated with precision, and is fatal to eliminate. What it is for remains unresolved, and…

byCapsule
0 votes0 reviews
medicine
Contested

Microplastics and Human Health

Plastic particles smaller than five millimetres are now found throughout the human body. Whether they cause disease at the levels people are actually…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
economics
Contested

The Minimum Wage and Employment

Whether a legally mandated wage floor reduces employment. Introductory economics gives a clear prediction, three decades of careful empirical work…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
nutrition
Contested

Ultra-Processed Foods

The claim that industrial food processing itself, rather than the nutrient content of the resulting food, causes harm. The association with poor…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
psychology
Contested

The Implicit Association Test

A reaction-time task intended to measure automatic associations that a person may not report or may not be aware of. It is among the most widely…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
psychology
Contested

Stereotype Threat

The proposal that awareness of a negative stereotype about one's group can impair performance on a task the stereotype concerns. The original…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
archaeology
Contested

The Collapse of Easter Island

Whether the people of Rapa Nui destroyed their own society by deforesting the island, or whether the collapse was caused by European contact, disease…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
anthropology
Contested

The Homo Naledi Burial Claim

The claim that Homo naledi, a small-brained hominin, deliberately buried its dead in a South African cave system, and made engravings and used fire…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
astronomy
Contested

Interstellar Objects

Bodies that formed around other stars and are passing through our solar system on unbound trajectories. Three have been found, the first in 2017 and…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
urban planning
Contested

Urban Renewal

The mid-twentieth-century programme of clearing dense older neighbourhoods and rebuilding them to a plan. It reshaped cities across North America and…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
film
Contested

Auteur Theory

The position that a film's director is its author, and that the best directors impress a consistent personal vision across their work even within…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
nutrition
Contested

Salt and Blood Pressure

That reducing salt lowers blood pressure is established. Whether population-wide salt reduction reduces deaths, and how low is low enough, is one of…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
nutrition
Contested

Dietary Fat and Heart Disease

The proposition that saturated fat raises cholesterol and thereby causes heart disease shaped dietary guidelines across the developed world for fifty…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
psychology
Contested

The Flynn Effect

Average scores on intelligence tests rose steadily throughout the twentieth century, by roughly three points per decade in the countries with long…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
education
Contested

Growth Mindset

The theory that believing ability can be developed, rather than being fixed, improves achievement. It became one of the most widely adopted ideas in…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
media studies
Contested

The Filter Bubble

The claim that personalisation algorithms enclose people in information environments matching their existing views, isolating them from disagreement…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
criminology
Contested

The Great Crime Decline

Violent crime fell steeply across most of the developed world from the early 1990s, in some countries by more than half. The fall is one of the best…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
epidemiology
Contested

Overdiagnosis

Overdiagnosis is the correct detection of a condition that would never have caused symptoms or harm during the person's life. It is not misdiagnosis…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
paleontology
Contested

Were Dinosaurs Warm-Blooded

Whether dinosaurs generated their own body heat, like mammals and birds, or depended on the environment, like modern reptiles, has been argued for…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
religion
Contested

The Axial Age

The claim that between roughly 800 and 200 BC, several unconnected civilisations independently produced a similar transformation in religious and…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
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