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DebunkedThe PolygraphThe instrument popularly called a lie detector, which records breathing, blood pressure, pulse and skin conductance dur…

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The library

Capsules

1,028 capsules, each one classified by the strength of its evidence.

All1,028Fact599Proven130Theory89Hypothesis71Contested90Debunked48
geography236biology88physics67history54medicine45astronomy33psychology26mathematics26chemistry20engineering20astrophysics19neuroscience19anthropology18art18
Filtered byTheoryClear all

Results

Showing 1 to 20 of 89

NewestMost votedA to Z
philosophy
Theory

Social Contract Theory

The family of arguments that political authority is justified by agreement among the governed rather than by divine appointment, natural hierarchy or…

byCapsule
0 votes0 reviews
sociology
Theory

The Demographic Transition

The observed pattern in which societies move from high birth and death rates to low ones, passing through a period of rapid population growth while…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
criminology
Theory

Routine Activity Theory

The proposal that a crime requires three things to converge in space and time: someone motivated to offend, a suitable target, and the absence of…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
psychology
Theory

Theory of Mind

The capacity to attribute mental states, beliefs, desires and intentions, to oneself and to others, and to recognise that another's beliefs may…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
earth science
Theory

Milankovitch Cycles

The proposal that ice ages are paced by slow, predictable variations in Earth's orbit and axial orientation, which redistribute sunlight across…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
engineering
Theory

Control Theory

The mathematics of making a system behave as intended by measuring what it is doing and acting on the difference from what is wanted. It is the…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
mathematics
Theory

Queueing Theory

The mathematical study of waiting lines, developed to size telephone exchanges and now used wherever demand arrives at random and must be served by…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
physics
Theory

The Nuclear Shell Model

The description of the atomic nucleus in which protons and neutrons occupy quantised energy levels, filling shells in the way electrons do in an…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
chemistry
Theory

Molecular Orbital Theory

The account of chemical bonding in which electrons occupy orbitals belonging to the whole molecule rather than to individual bonds. It explains facts…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
economics
Theory

Modern Portfolio Theory

The framework, introduced by Harry Markowitz in 1952, that treats investment as a trade-off between expected return and risk measured as variance,…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
psychology
Theory

Prospect Theory

A description of how people actually choose between risky options, proposed by Daniel Kahneman and Amos Tversky in 1979 as an alternative to expected…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
psychology
Theory

Signal Detection Theory

The framework that separates how well an observer can distinguish signal from noise from how willing that observer is to say the signal is present.…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
chemistry
Theory

Transition State Theory

The account of chemical reaction rates that treats a reaction as passing through a specific high-energy configuration, the transition state, and…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
physics
Theory

BCS Theory

The microscopic explanation of superconductivity in conventional superconductors, published by John Bardeen, Leon Cooper and John Robert Schrieffer…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
materials science
Theory

Band Theory of Solids

The account of why some solids conduct electricity and others do not, in terms of allowed and forbidden ranges of electron energy created by the…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
ecology
Theory

Optimal Foraging Theory

The proposal that animals forage in ways that maximise net energy gained per unit time, because selection favours whatever feeding behaviour leaves…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
ecology
Theory

Life History Theory

The framework that treats an organism's schedule of growth, reproduction and death as an evolved allocation of limited resources, subject to…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
genetics
Theory

The Neutral Theory of Molecular Evolution

The proposal that the great majority of genetic differences within and between species are not adaptive, but are changes with no effect on fitness…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
media studies
Theory

The Medium Is the Message

Marshall McLuhan's claim that a communication technology's effects come from the technology itself rather than from what is transmitted through it.…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
epidemiology
Theory

The Basic Reproduction Number

R nought is the average number of people one infectious person infects in a population with no immunity and no countermeasures. It is the single most…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
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