Capsule
DonateLog inCreate account
Menu

Navigation

  • Main page
  • Capsules
  • Learning
  • Mapping
  • Rankings
  • Organizations
  • Create
  • Forums
  • Research

Interaction

  • Messages
  • Verify
  • Help
  • About Capsule

Display

Appearance

Environment

EnvironmentsDefault
Capsule
Log in

Navigation

  • Main page
  • Capsules
  • Learning
  • Mapping
  • Rankings
  • Organizations
  • Create
  • Forums
  • Research

Interaction

  • Messages
  • Verify
  • Feedback
  • Help
  • About Capsule

Truth Classification

  • Fact
  • Theory
  • Hypothesis
  • Proven
  • Contested
  • Debunked
How classification works

Capsule of the Day

DebunkedThe PolygraphThe instrument popularly called a lie detector, which records breathing, blood pressure, pulse and skin conductance dur…

New in the Library

  • FactTardigrade
  • FactMonarch Butterfly
  • FactSpider

Capsule

© 2026 Solis Holdings Group Inc. All rights reserved.

Built by Solis Dev, a technology studio operating under Solis Holdings Group Inc.

  • Policy
  • Terms of Use
  • Methodology
  • Corrections
  • Non-partisanship
  • Transparency
  • Developers
  • About
  • Discord
  • Sitemap

Capsule, the capsule-pill mark, and the clock logo are trademarks of Solis Holdings Group Inc. All content, source code, and design assets are the exclusive property of Solis Holdings Group Inc., unless otherwise noted. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited.

The library

Capsules

1,028 capsules, each one classified by the strength of its evidence.

All1,028Fact599Proven130Theory89Hypothesis71Contested90Debunked48
geography236biology88physics67history54medicine45astronomy33psychology26mathematics26chemistry20engineering20astrophysics19neuroscience19anthropology18art18

Trending now

Most recent activity

Facteconomics

Insurance

The transfer of risk from an individual to a pool in exchange for a payment. It works because large numbers behave predictably even when individuals do not, and its two persistent…

by Capsule · Aug 5, 2026
Facteconomics

Banking

Institutions that take deposits and make loans. The central fact about banking is that it creates money rather than merely storing it, and almost every difficulty the industry…

by Capsule · Aug 5, 2026
Factbiology

Ant

Ants are eusocial insects of the family Formicidae, with over 14,000 described species and an estimated global population around twenty quadrillion individuals. They occur on…

by Capsule · Aug 7, 2026
Fact

Browse all

Showing 101 to 120 of 1,028

NewestMost votedA to Z
urban planning
Fact

Urban Parks

Public open green space within a city, maintained for recreation and amenity. They were created deliberately as a response to industrial urban…

byCapsule
geography

Winnipeg

Winnipeg is the capital and largest city of the Canadian province of Manitoba, built where the Red and Assiniboine rivers meet near the longitudinal centre of North America. With…

by Capsule · Aug 7, 2026
Factmedia studies

Radio

Communication using electromagnetic waves without a conductor between sender and receiver. It was the first medium to reach a mass audience simultaneously, and it remains the…

by Capsule · Aug 5, 2026
Factbiology

Platypus

The platypus, Ornithorhynchus anatinus, is a semiaquatic egg-laying mammal of eastern Australia. It lays eggs, produces milk without nipples, detects prey by electric field, and…

by Capsule · Aug 7, 2026
Fact

Banking

Institutions that take deposits and make loans. The central fact about banking is that it creates money rather than merely storing it, and almost…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsAug 5, 2026
Fact· Empirical

Ant

Ants are eusocial insects of the family Formicidae, with over 14,000 described species and an estimated global population around twenty quadrillion…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsAug 7, 2026

Also new

More from the last few days

geography
Fact· Empirical

Winkler

Winkler is the fourth-largest city in Manitoba, in the Pembina Valley about twenty kilometres north of the United States border, with 13,745…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
biology
Fact· Empirical

Bat

Bats, the order Chiroptera, are the only mammals capable of powered flight. There are more than 1,400 species, roughly a fifth of all mammal species,…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
biology
Fact· Empirical

Komodo Dragon

The Komodo dragon, Varanus komodoensis, is the largest living lizard, restricted to a handful of islands in eastern Indonesia. It grows to around…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
education
Fact

Libraries

Organised collections of recorded knowledge, held for use. Libraries are older than most of the writing systems that survive, their defining problem…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
biology
Fact· Empirical

Salmon

Salmon are anadromous fish of the family Salmonidae: born in fresh water, grown at sea, and returning to fresh water to spawn, in most cases to the…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
biology
Fact· Empirical

Axolotl

The axolotl, Ambystoma mexicanum, is a salamander that never leaves the larval form. It reaches sexual maturity while keeping its gills and its…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
geography
Fact· Empirical

Thompson

Thompson is the largest city in northern Manitoba, roughly 650 kilometres north of Winnipeg on the Burntwood River, with 13,035 residents at the 2021…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
biology
Fact· Empirical

Sea Turtle

Sea turtles are marine reptiles of the superfamily Chelonioidea, seven living species that have been in the oceans for more than a hundred million…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews

Settled science

Verified facts and proven results

See all
biology
Fact· Empirical

Octopus

Octopuses are eight-armed cephalopod molluscs, around three hundred species, found in every ocean. They have three hearts, blue blood, no skeleton,…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
geology
Fact· Empirical

Volcano

A volcano is an opening in a planet's crust through which molten rock, gas, and ash erupt from the hot interior to the surface. On Earth they are…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
geography
Fact· Empirical

Canada

Canada is a country in North America, the second-largest in the world by total area, stretching from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific in…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
biology
Fact· Empirical

Penguin

Penguins are flightless seabirds of the southern hemisphere, around eighteen species, which gave up flight in the air for flight underwater. They are…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
biology
Fact· Empirical

Elephant

Elephants are the largest living land animals, and there are three species rather than the two most references still give. They have the longest…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
agriculture
Fact

Nitrogen Cycling in Prairie Soils of the Canadian Prairies

Nitrogen cycling in Prairie soils is a well-documented biological and chemical process that determines agricultural productivity across Manitoba,…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
biology
Fact· Empirical

Great White Shark

The great white shark, Carcharodon carcharias, is the largest predatory fish, reaching about six metres. It is warm-blooded in a limited and…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
agriculture
Fact

Traditional Yoruba Agricultural Practices in Southwestern Nigeria

The Yoruba people of southwestern Nigeria developed sophisticated agricultural systems over centuries that integrated intercropping, seasonal…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
geography
Fact· Empirical

Amazon Rainforest

The Amazon Rainforest is the largest tropical rainforest on Earth, a vast sea of green covering some 5.5 million square kilometres across nine South…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
history
Fact

The Founding and Agricultural Development of Brandon, Manitoba

Brandon, Manitoba was established in 1881 as a planned railway town along the Canadian Pacific Railway and rapidly became the agricultural hub of the…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
science
Fact

CRISPR-Cas9 Gene Editing: Mechanism and Applications

CRISPR-Cas9 is a programmable nuclease that uses a guide RNA to direct the Cas9 enzyme to a specific genomic sequence, where it introduces a precise…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
biology
Fact· Empirical

Lion

The lion, Panthera leo, is the only truly social cat and the second largest after the tiger. It once ranged from southern Africa through the Middle…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews

Open questions

Hypotheses under investigation and ideas still debated

See all
astronomy
Hypothesis

The Dyson Sphere

A Dyson sphere is a hypothetical megastructure that an extremely advanced civilization might build around a star to capture a large share of its…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
history
Contested

The Bronze Age Collapse

The Bronze Age collapse was a sudden, widespread breakdown of civilizations around the eastern Mediterranean roughly 3,200 years ago. Within a few…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
psychology
Contested

The Origin of Language

How human language first arose is one of the hardest questions in science. That we alone among animals possess full language is clear; when, how, and…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
philosophy
Hypothesis

The Simulation Hypothesis

The simulation hypothesis is the proposal that the reality we experience might actually be an artificial simulation, such as an immensely…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
astronomy
Contested

The Origin of the Moon

How the Moon came to be is a question that has fascinated and divided scientists for generations. While one explanation is now favoured, important…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
astronomy
Contested

The Fermi Paradox

The Fermi paradox is the puzzling contrast between the high apparent likelihood that alien civilizations exist somewhere in our vast galaxy and the…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
astrophysics
Contested

Dark Energy

Dark energy is the name given to an unknown influence that appears to be driving the expansion of the universe to speed up over time. It is thought…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
psychology
Hypothesis

Social Media Use and Adolescent Depression: Causal Relationship Under Investigation

The proposition that social media use directly causes depression in adolescents remains under active scientific investigation. While correlational…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
astronomy
Contested

Is Pluto a Planet?

Whether Pluto should be called a planet is a question that has divided astronomers and captured the public imagination. Discovered in 1930 and…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
earth science
Hypothesis

The Gaia Hypothesis

The Gaia hypothesis proposes that life and its physical environment on Earth form a single, self regulating system that keeps the planet suitable for…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
mathematics
Hypothesis

Goldbach's Conjecture

Goldbach's conjecture is one of the oldest and simplest sounding unsolved problems in mathematics. It states that every even whole number greater…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
mathematics
Hypothesis

The Riemann Hypothesis

The Riemann hypothesis is the most famous unsolved problem in mathematics. Proposed by Bernhard Riemann in 1859, it makes a precise claim about the…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews

Debunked

Claims the evidence overturned

See all
biology
Debunked

Lamarckism

Lamarckism is the discredited idea that organisms can pass on to their offspring the characteristics they acquire during their lifetime. Its classic…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
medicine
Debunked

Humorism: The Four Humors

Humorism, or humoral theory, was the belief that human health depends on the balance of four bodily fluids, called humors: blood, phlegm, yellow…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
astronomy
Debunked

The Geocentric Model

The geocentric model was the ancient belief that the Earth sits motionless at the center of the universe, with the Sun, Moon, planets, and stars all…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
education
Debunked

Learning Styles

The idea that each person learns best through a particular sensory channel, and that teaching matched to that channel improves learning. It is…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
history
Debunked

Alchemy

Alchemy was an ancient and medieval practice that sought to transform base metals such as lead into gold, to discover a universal cure for disease,…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
geology
Debunked

The Expanding Earth

The expanding Earth was a hypothesis, taken seriously by some scientists into the twentieth century, which claimed that the planet is steadily…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
medicine
Debunked

Do Vaccines Cause Autism?

The claim that vaccines cause autism is one of the most damaging medical myths of modern times. It has been investigated exhaustively and thoroughly…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
physics
Debunked

Perpetual Motion

Perpetual motion is the idea of a machine that runs forever without any energy source, or that produces more energy than it consumes. Inventors have…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
chemistry
Debunked

Phlogiston Theory

Phlogiston theory was an early explanation of combustion, widely accepted in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. It held that all flammable…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
criminology
Debunked

Criminal Profiling

Offender profiling infers a perpetrator's characteristics from crime scene evidence. The specific claim that it reliably narrows a suspect pool, and…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
music
Debunked

The Mozart Effect

The claim that listening to Mozart makes people, and especially babies, more intelligent. It came from one small study whose actual finding was far…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
biology
Debunked

Spontaneous Generation

Spontaneous generation was the long held belief that living organisms could arise directly from non living matter. People thought maggots formed from…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews

Theories explained

Well substantiated explanations of how things work

See all
physics
Theory· Scientific

General Relativity

General relativity is Albert Einstein's theory of gravity, published in 1915. It reimagines gravity not as a force pulling objects together but as…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
physics
Theory· Emerging

String Theory

String theory is a theoretical framework that attempts to unify all the forces and particles of nature, including gravity, into a single description.…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
astronomy
Theory· Scientific

The Big Bang

The Big Bang is the prevailing cosmological theory of how the universe began. It holds that the universe started about 13.8 billion years ago in an…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
computer science
Theory· Mathematical

Information Theory

Information theory is the mathematical study of how information is measured, stored, and communicated. It defines what information actually is in…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
physics
Theory

Optics

Optics is the branch of physics that studies light: how it travels, how it interacts with matter, and how it can be controlled with lenses and…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
earth science
Theory· Scientific

Plate Tectonics

Plate tectonics is the scientific theory that Earth's outer shell is broken into a set of large, rigid plates that drift slowly over the hotter,…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
mathematics
Theory

Set Theory

Set theory is the branch of mathematics that studies collections of objects, called sets. Though it begins with an idea as simple as grouping things…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
biology
Theory

Cell Theory

Cell theory is one of the foundational ideas of biology. It holds that all living things are made of cells, that the cell is the basic unit of life,…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
earth science
Theory

The Greenhouse Effect

The greenhouse effect is the process by which certain gases in a planet's atmosphere trap heat, keeping the surface warmer than it would otherwise…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
medicine
Theory· Scientific

Germ Theory of Disease

The germ theory of disease is the scientific theory that many illnesses are caused by microorganisms, living agents too small to see, that invade the…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
physics
Theory

Dark Matter: The Leading Theoretical Framework for Missing Mass in the Universe

Dark matter is the leading theoretical framework proposed to explain gravitational effects observed in galaxies and galaxy clusters that cannot be…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
mathematics
Theory

Graph Theory

Graph theory is the branch of mathematics that studies networks of connected objects. A graph is simply a collection of points, called vertices,…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
0 votes0 reviews
religion
Fact

Sacred Texts

Writings a religious tradition treats as authoritative. What that authority consists of, how the text was fixed, and how it may be interpreted differ…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
quantum physics
Fact

Quantum Spin

An intrinsic form of angular momentum carried by particles, with no counterpart in classical physics. Nothing is rotating, the quantity is quantised,…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
political science
Fact

Political Parties

Organisations that seek to place their members in government, generally by contesting elections. They are not mentioned in most founding…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
paleontology
Fact

Mass Extinctions

Intervals in which a large proportion of species disappeared worldwide in a geologically short time. Five are conventionally recognised in the past…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
molecular biology
Fact

Cell Membranes

The boundary enclosing every cell, formed from a double layer of lipid molecules with proteins embedded in it. It defines what is inside the cell,…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
microbiology
Fact

Archaea

A domain of single-celled organisms distinct from both bacteria and eukaryotes. Their recognition as a separate branch of life in 1977 restructured…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
media studies
Fact

Advertising

Paid communication intended to promote a product, service or idea. It funds most commercial media, its measured effects are smaller than its cultural…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
epidemiology
Fact

Disease Surveillance

The continuous collection and analysis of health data to detect outbreaks, monitor trends and guide response. It is the information system on which…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
earth science
Fact

Soil

The layer of weathered mineral material, organic matter, water, air and organisms covering most land surfaces. It supports essentially all…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
criminology
Fact

Policing

The organised enforcement of law and maintenance of public order by a body authorised by the state. Professional police forces are a nineteenth…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
climate science
Fact

Climate Models

Computer simulations of the climate system, built from physical laws and used to understand past climate and project future change. They are the…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
biotechnology
Fact

Genetically Modified Crops

Plants whose genome has been altered using recombinant DNA techniques. They have been grown commercially since 1996, cover a substantial share of…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
biochemistry
Fact

Lipids

A class of biological molecules grouped by not dissolving in water. They store energy, form the boundaries of every cell, and act as signalling…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
astrophysics
Fact

Neutron Stars

The collapsed cores left by massive stars, containing more than the Sun's mass within a sphere about twenty kilometres across. They are the densest…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
astrobiology
Fact

Biosignatures

Measurable indicators that life is or was present. They are how the search for life beyond Earth is actually conducted, since organisms cannot be…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
archaeology
Fact

Pottery

Objects formed from clay and hardened by heat. Pottery is the most abundant artefact in archaeology, it survives almost indefinitely, and it is the…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
statistics
Fact

Correlation

A statistical measure of how far two variables move together. It is among the most widely used quantities in research and among the most widely…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
materials science
Fact

Steel

An alloy of iron with a small and controlled quantity of carbon. That small addition transforms a soft metal into the most widely used structural…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
education
Fact

The University

An institution of higher education and research, granting degrees. The form originated in medieval Europe, has proved unusually durable, and combines…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
Previous1…45678…52Next