Capsules

Tardigrade

Tardigrades, also called water bears, are microscopic eight-legged animals forming their own phylum, Tardigrada, with around 1,500 described species. They are famous for surviving…

Chimpanzee

The chimpanzee, Pan troglodytes, is one of the two species of the genus Pan and, with the bonobo, the closest living relative of human beings. It is a forest and woodland ape of…

Orca

The orca, Orcinus orca, also called the killer whale, is the largest member of the dolphin family and the most widely distributed mammal on Earth after humans. It is an apex…

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Uzbekistan

Uzbekistan is a country in the heart of Central Asia, a doubly landlocked nation, meaning it and all its neighbours are without a coast. It lies…

byCapsule

biology

Seahorse

Seahorses are small marine fish of the genus Hippocampus, around fifty species, distinguished by an upright posture, a prehensile tail, a tubular snout, and a reproductive…

by Capsule · Aug 7, 2026

Factgeography

Portage la Prairie

Portage la Prairie is a city in central Manitoba on the Assiniboine River, about eighty kilometres west of Winnipeg, with 13,270 residents at the 2021 census. Its name records…

Salmon

Salmon are anadromous fish of the family Salmonidae: born in fresh water, grown at sea, and returning to fresh water to spawn, in most cases to the precise stream where they…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsAug 7, 2026

Chimpanzee

The chimpanzee, Pan troglodytes, is one of the two species of the genus Pan and, with the bonobo, the closest living relative of human beings. It is…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsAug 7, 2026

Orca

The orca, Orcinus orca, also called the killer whale, is the largest member of the dolphin family and the most widely distributed mammal on Earth…

Also new

Axolotl

The axolotl, Ambystoma mexicanum, is a salamander that never leaves the larval form. It reaches sexual maturity while keeping its gills and its…

Sea Turtle

Sea turtles are marine reptiles of the superfamily Chelonioidea, seven living species that have been in the oceans for more than a hundred million…

Common Raven

The common raven, Corvus corax, is the largest songbird in the world and among the most widely distributed birds on Earth, occupying the whole…

Hummingbird

Hummingbirds, the family Trochilidae, are small nectar-feeding birds of the Americas that hover in sustained flight and run the highest mass-specific…

medicine

Surgery

Treatment by physical intervention in the body. Surgery was limited for millennia not by knowledge of anatomy but by three specific obstacles, and…

Spider

Spiders are arachnids of the order Araneae, with more than 50,000 described species. All of them produce silk, nearly all of them are venomous, and…

Horse

The horse, Equus ferus caballus, is a large grazing mammal domesticated on the Eurasian steppe and, for roughly four thousand years, the fastest way…

Thompson

Thompson is the largest city in northern Manitoba, roughly 650 kilometres north of Winnipeg on the Burntwood River, with 13,035 residents at the 2021…

On this day

A birth or event with an anniversary today

Statue of Liberty

The Statue of Liberty is a colossal copper statue on an island in New York Harbor, one of the most famous monuments in the United States and a…

Settled science

Verified facts and proven results

The Sun

The Sun is the star at the centre of the Solar System, a vast sphere of hot plasma whose gravity holds the planets in their orbits and whose light…

Elephant

Elephants are the largest living land animals, and there are three species rather than the two most references still give. They have the longest…

DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is the molecule that carries the genetic instructions used in the growth, development, functioning, and reproduction of…

The Sahara

The Sahara is the largest hot desert on Earth, a sweep of sand, gravel, and bare rock stretching across northern Africa from the Atlantic Ocean to…

The Solar System

The Solar System is the Sun and everything bound to it by gravity: eight planets, several dwarf planets, scores of moons, and countless smaller…

Gravity

Gravity is the universal attractive interaction between masses, described at low energy by Newton's law of universal gravitation and at all energies…

engineering

Proven

Arc Flash Hazard Mitigation in Industrial Electrical Systems

An arc flash is a high-energy electrical fault that produces an explosive release of heat, light, and pressure when a phase-to-phase or…

agriculture

Traditional Yoruba Agricultural Practices in Southwestern Nigeria

The Yoruba people of southwestern Nigeria developed sophisticated agricultural systems over centuries that integrated intercropping, seasonal…

science

CRISPR-Cas9 Gene Editing: Mechanism and Applications

CRISPR-Cas9 is a programmable nuclease that uses a guide RNA to direct the Cas9 enzyme to a specific genomic sequence, where it introduces a precise…

Proven· Replicated

Photosynthesis

Photosynthesis is the process by which plants, algae, and certain bacteria capture the energy of sunlight and use it to turn carbon dioxide and water…

Honey Bee

Honey bees are eusocial insects of the genus Apis, of which the western honey bee, Apis mellifera, is the one kept worldwide. They communicate the…

Amazon Rainforest

The Amazon Rainforest is the largest tropical rainforest on Earth, a vast sea of green covering some 5.5 million square kilometres across nine South…

Open questions

Hypotheses under investigation and ideas still debated

Is Pluto a Planet?

Whether Pluto should be called a planet is a question that has divided astronomers and captured the public imagination. Discovered in 1930 and…

neuroscience

The Hard Problem of Consciousness

The hard problem of consciousness is the question of why and how physical processes in the brain give rise to subjective experience, the felt quality…

Goldbach's Conjecture

Goldbach's conjecture is one of the oldest and simplest sounding unsolved problems in mathematics. It states that every even whole number greater…

earth science

The Gaia Hypothesis

The Gaia hypothesis proposes that life and its physical environment on Earth form a single, self regulating system that keeps the planet suitable for…

Abiogenesis: The Origin of Life

Abiogenesis is the natural process by which life is thought to have arisen from non living matter, such as simple chemical compounds. How life first…

The Bronze Age Collapse

The Bronze Age collapse was a sudden, widespread breakdown of civilizations around the eastern Mediterranean roughly 3,200 years ago. Within a few…

Are Viruses Alive?

Whether viruses count as living organisms is a question biologists have debated for over a century, and there is still no settled answer. Viruses sit…

The Multiverse

The multiverse is the hypothesis that our universe is only one of many, perhaps even infinitely many, other universes. It is taken seriously by many…

The Rare Earth Hypothesis

The Rare Earth hypothesis proposes that complex, multicellular life, of the kind found on Earth, is extremely rare in the universe, because it…

earth science

What Killed the Dinosaurs

Around sixty six million years ago, the dinosaurs and many other forms of life suddenly vanished in one of the great mass extinctions in Earth's…

The Fermi Paradox

The Fermi paradox is the puzzling contrast between the high apparent likelihood that alien civilizations exist somewhere in our vast galaxy and the…

astrophysics

How the Universe Will End

The ultimate fate of the universe is one of the deepest questions in science. Cosmologists have proposed several very different endings, and which…

Debunked

Claims the evidence overturned

Spontaneous Generation

Spontaneous generation was the long held belief that living organisms could arise directly from non living matter. People thought maggots formed from…

Lamarckism

Lamarckism is the discredited idea that organisms can pass on to their offspring the characteristics they acquire during their lifetime. Its classic…

Piltdown Man

Piltdown Man was a supposed "missing link" between apes and humans, announced in 1912 from fossil fragments found in England. For decades it misled…

architecture

The Golden Ratio in Art and Architecture

The golden ratio is a real and interesting number. The claim that it governs the Parthenon, the Great Pyramid, the Mona Lisa and the proportions of…

neuroscience

Phrenology

Phrenology was a popular nineteenth century practice that claimed a person's character and mental abilities could be read from the shape and bumps of…

The Bermuda Triangle

The Bermuda Triangle is a region of the Atlantic Ocean, roughly between Florida, Bermuda, and Puerto Rico, said to be the site of mysterious…

The Luminiferous Aether

The luminiferous aether was a hypothetical substance once believed to fill all of space and to serve as the medium through which light waves…

Flat Earth

The idea that the Earth is flat is a debunked belief that the planet is a disc or a plane rather than a sphere. It has been contradicted by…

Astrology

Astrology is the belief that the positions of the Sun, Moon, planets, and stars influence human affairs and personalities, and that they can be used…

The Caloric Theory

The caloric theory was an explanation of heat, widely accepted into the early nineteenth century, which held that heat is an invisible, weightless…

nutrition

Breakfast as the Most Important Meal

The claim that eating breakfast is necessary for health and weight control, and that skipping it causes weight gain. The phrase was popularised by…

chemistry

Phlogiston Theory

Phlogiston theory was an early explanation of combustion, widely accepted in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. It held that all flammable…

Theories explained

Well substantiated explanations of how things work

computer science

Theory· Mathematical

Information Theory

Information theory is the mathematical study of how information is measured, stored, and communicated. It defines what information actually is in…

Theory· Mathematical

Game Theory

Game theory is the mathematical study of strategic decision making, where the outcome for each participant depends not only on their own choice but…

geology

Uniformitarianism

Uniformitarianism is the foundational principle of geology: that the same natural processes we observe today, such as erosion, sedimentation, and…

medicine

Theory· Scientific

Germ Theory of Disease

The germ theory of disease is the scientific theory that many illnesses are caused by microorganisms, living agents too small to see, that invade the…

Endosymbiotic Theory

Endosymbiotic theory explains the origin of the complex cells that make up plants, animals, fungi, and other higher organisms. It proposes that key…

Theory· Emerging

String Theory

String theory is a theoretical framework that attempts to unify all the forces and particles of nature, including gravity, into a single description.…

Optics

Optics is the branch of physics that studies light: how it travels, how it interacts with matter, and how it can be controlled with lenses and…

Acoustics: The Science of Sound

Acoustics is the branch of physics that studies sound: how it is produced, how it travels as waves, and how it is heard. It bridges science and art,…

Theory· Scientific

Special Relativity

Special relativity is the theory of space and time that Albert Einstein published in 1905. It revolutionized physics by showing that measurements of…

The Theory of Computation

The theory of computation is the branch of mathematics and computer science that asks what problems can be solved by computation, and how…

science

The Gut-Brain Axis: Microbiome Influence on Mental Health

The gut-brain axis describes the bi-directional signalling between gut microbiota and the central nervous system via the vagus nerve, immune system,…

Theory· Mathematical

Chaos Theory

Chaos theory is the branch of mathematics that studies systems whose behaviour is exquisitely sensitive to their starting conditions. Such systems…

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Jun 17, 2026

Kazakhstan

Kazakhstan is a vast country in Central Asia, the largest landlocked nation in the world and the ninth largest by area overall, stretching across the…

Jordan

Jordan is a country in the Middle East, set on the east bank of the Jordan River between the deserts of Arabia and the Mediterranean world. A largely…

Israel

Israel is a small country in the Middle East, on the eastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea, in a region of profound significance to several of the…

Syria

Syria is a country in the Middle East, on the eastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea, with a history reaching back to the dawn of civilisation. Its…

Afghanistan

Afghanistan is a landlocked, mountainous country at the crossroads of Central and South Asia, where the great ranges of the Hindu Kush meet the high…

Iraq

Iraq is a country in the Middle East, built around the valleys of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, the land that ancient writers called Mesopotamia,…

New Zealand

New Zealand is an island country in the southwestern Pacific Ocean, made up of two main islands and many smaller ones, lying far from any continent.…

Norway

Norway is a country in northern Europe occupying the western and northern reaches of the Scandinavian Peninsula, a land of deep fjords, soaring…

Chile

Chile is a long, narrow country running down the western edge of South America, squeezed between the Andes Mountains and the Pacific Ocean. Reaching…

Ghana

Ghana is a country in West Africa, set on the Gulf of Guinea where the continent meets the Atlantic. A land of tropical forests, savanna, and golden…

Morocco

Morocco is a country in the northwest corner of Africa, the only African nation with coastlines on both the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea,…

Poland

Poland is a country in Central Europe, a broad land of plains, forests, and lakes stretching from the Baltic Sea to the Carpathian Mountains. With a…

Ukraine

Ukraine is a large country in Eastern Europe, the biggest nation lying entirely within Europe, stretching from the forests of the north to the Black…

Philippines

The Philippines is an archipelagic country in Southeast Asia, made up of more than seven thousand islands scattered across the western Pacific. A…

Bangladesh

Bangladesh is a country in South Asia, set on the vast delta where the Ganges and Brahmaputra rivers empty into the Bay of Bengal. Lush, low-lying,…

Pakistan

Pakistan is a country in South Asia, the fifth most populous nation in the world, set between the Arabian Sea, the towering mountains of the north,…

Colombia

Colombia is a country in the northwest of South America, the only one on the continent with coastlines on both the Caribbean Sea and the Pacific…

Thailand

Thailand is a country in the heart of mainland Southeast Asia, a land of tropical beaches, lush river plains, and gilded Buddhist temples. Famed for…

Sweden

Sweden is a country in northern Europe, the largest of the Nordic nations, stretching down the eastern side of the Scandinavian Peninsula. A land of…