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Capsule of the Day

FactSurgeryTreatment by physical intervention in the body. Surgery was limited for millennia not by knowledge of anatomy but by th…

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  • FactTardigrade
  • FactMonarch Butterfly
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The library

Capsules

1,028 capsules, each one classified by the strength of its evidence.

All1,028Fact599Proven130Theory89Hypothesis71Contested90Debunked48
geography236biology88physics67history54medicine45astronomy33psychology26mathematics26chemistry20engineering20astrophysics19neuroscience19anthropology18art18

Trending now

Most recent activity

Factbiology

Bat

Bats, the order Chiroptera, are the only mammals capable of powered flight. There are more than 1,400 species, roughly a fifth of all mammal species, and they occupy every…

by Capsule · Aug 7, 2026
Factbiology

Tardigrade

Tardigrades, also called water bears, are microscopic eight-legged animals forming their own phylum, Tardigrada, with around 1,500 described species. They are famous for surviving…

by Capsule · Aug 7, 2026
Factgeography

Thompson

Thompson is the largest city in northern Manitoba, roughly 650 kilometres north of Winnipeg on the Burntwood River, with 13,035 residents at the 2021 census. It was built from…

by Capsule · Aug 7, 2026
Fact

Browse all

Showing 581 to 600 of 1,028

NewestMost votedA to Z
Fact· Empirical

Jamaica

Jamaica is an island nation in the Caribbean Sea, the third largest island of the Greater Antilles, south of Cuba. A land of lush green mountains,…

byCapsule
geography

Portage la Prairie

Portage la Prairie is a city in central Manitoba on the Assiniboine River, about eighty kilometres west of Winnipeg, with 13,270 residents at the 2021 census. Its name records…

by Capsule · Aug 7, 2026
Factbiology

Spider

Spiders are arachnids of the order Araneae, with more than 50,000 described species. All of them produce silk, nearly all of them are venomous, and almost none of them are…

by Capsule · Aug 7, 2026
Factgeography

Dauphin

Dauphin is a city in the Parkland region of western Manitoba, between Riding Mountain National Park and Lake Dauphin, with 8,368 residents at the 2021 census. It is the service…

by Capsule · Aug 7, 2026
Fact· Empirical

Tardigrade

Tardigrades, also called water bears, are microscopic eight-legged animals forming their own phylum, Tardigrada, with around 1,500 described species.…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsAug 7, 2026
Fact· Empirical

Thompson

Thompson is the largest city in northern Manitoba, roughly 650 kilometres north of Winnipeg on the Burntwood River, with 13,035 residents at the 2021…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsAug 7, 2026

Also new

More from the last few days

medicine
Fact

Surgery

Treatment by physical intervention in the body. Surgery was limited for millennia not by knowledge of anatomy but by three specific obstacles, and…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
biology
Fact· Empirical

Salmon

Salmon are anadromous fish of the family Salmonidae: born in fresh water, grown at sea, and returning to fresh water to spawn, in most cases to the…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
biology
Fact· Empirical

Wolf

The grey wolf, Canis lupus, is the largest wild member of the dog family and once the most widely distributed land mammal on Earth after humans. It…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
biology
Fact· Empirical

Komodo Dragon

The Komodo dragon, Varanus komodoensis, is the largest living lizard, restricted to a handful of islands in eastern Indonesia. It grows to around…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
biology
Fact· Empirical

Seahorse

Seahorses are small marine fish of the genus Hippocampus, around fifty species, distinguished by an upright posture, a prehensile tail, a tubular…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
epidemiology
Fact

Sanitation

The safe management of human waste. It has saved more lives than any medical treatment, it is the least discussed of the major public health…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
agriculture
Fact

Livestock

Domesticated animals kept for food, fibre, labour and other products. Livestock made agriculture viable on land that grows no crops, and they are now…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
geography
Fact· Empirical

Steinbach

Steinbach is the third-largest city in Manitoba, about sixty kilometres southeast of Winnipeg, with 17,806 residents at the 2021 census. Founded by…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews

On this day

A birth or event with an anniversary today

history
Fact· Empirical

Statue of Liberty

The Statue of Liberty is a colossal copper statue on an island in New York Harbor, one of the most famous monuments in the United States and a…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews

Settled science

Verified facts and proven results

See all
biology
Fact· Empirical

Honey Bee

Honey bees are eusocial insects of the genus Apis, of which the western honey bee, Apis mellifera, is the one kept worldwide. They communicate the…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
chemistry
Fact

Water (H₂O)

Water is a chemical compound with the formula H₂O, consisting of two hydrogen atoms covalently bonded to one oxygen atom. Its bent molecular geometry…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
physics
Fact

Gravity

Gravity is the universal attractive interaction between masses, described at low energy by Newton's law of universal gravitation and at all energies…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
biology
Fact· Empirical

Elephant

Elephants are the largest living land animals, and there are three species rather than the two most references still give. They have the longest…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
geography
Fact· Empirical

Mount Everest

Mount Everest is the highest mountain on Earth as measured from sea level, with a summit reaching 8,848.86 metres (29,031.7 feet) above sea level, a…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
astronomy
Fact· Empirical

The Sun

The Sun is the star at the centre of the Solar System, a vast sphere of hot plasma whose gravity holds the planets in their orbits and whose light…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
biology
Fact· Empirical

Penguin

Penguins are flightless seabirds of the southern hemisphere, around eighteen species, which gave up flight in the air for flight underwater. They are…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
geography
Fact· Empirical

The Sahara

The Sahara is the largest hot desert on Earth, a sweep of sand, gravel, and bare rock stretching across northern Africa from the Atlantic Ocean to…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
geography
Fact· Empirical

Canada

Canada is a country in North America, the second-largest in the world by total area, stretching from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific in…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
agriculture
Fact

Nitrogen Cycling in Prairie Soils of the Canadian Prairies

Nitrogen cycling in Prairie soils is a well-documented biological and chemical process that determines agricultural productivity across Manitoba,…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
history
Fact· Empirical

The Colosseum

The Colosseum is a giant amphitheatre in the centre of Rome, the largest ever built and one of the most recognisable monuments of the ancient world.…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
astronomy
Fact· Empirical

The Solar System

The Solar System is the Sun and everything bound to it by gravity: eight planets, several dwarf planets, scores of moons, and countless smaller…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews

Open questions

Hypotheses under investigation and ideas still debated

See all
science
Hypothesis

Quantum Entanglement as a Substrate for Consciousness

The hypothesis proposes that quantum entanglement between microtubule subunits inside neurons could provide a physical substrate for unified…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
psychology
Hypothesis

Social Media Use and Adolescent Depression: Causal Relationship Under Investigation

The proposition that social media use directly causes depression in adolescents remains under active scientific investigation. While correlational…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
neuroscience
Contested

The Hard Problem of Consciousness

The hard problem of consciousness is the question of why and how physical processes in the brain give rise to subjective experience, the felt quality…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
astronomy
Contested

Is Pluto a Planet?

Whether Pluto should be called a planet is a question that has divided astronomers and captured the public imagination. Discovered in 1930 and…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
biology
Hypothesis

Panspermia

Panspermia is the hypothesis that life exists throughout the universe and is spread between worlds by space dust, meteoroids, asteroids, and comets.…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
astrophysics
Contested

Dark Energy

Dark energy is the name given to an unknown influence that appears to be driving the expansion of the universe to speed up over time. It is thought…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
astrophysics
Contested

How the Universe Will End

The ultimate fate of the universe is one of the deepest questions in science. Cosmologists have proposed several very different endings, and which…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
physics
Contested

The Multiverse

The multiverse is the hypothesis that our universe is only one of many, perhaps even infinitely many, other universes. It is taken seriously by many…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
biology
Hypothesis

Abiogenesis: The Origin of Life

Abiogenesis is the natural process by which life is thought to have arisen from non living matter, such as simple chemical compounds. How life first…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
astronomy
Contested

The Fermi Paradox

The Fermi paradox is the puzzling contrast between the high apparent likelihood that alien civilizations exist somewhere in our vast galaxy and the…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
earth science
Contested

What Causes the Ice Ages

Throughout its history, the Earth has repeatedly cooled into ice ages, when vast sheets of ice spread across the continents, and warmed again between…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
philosophy
Contested

Free Will

Free will is the question of whether people are truly free to choose their actions, or whether every choice is the inevitable product of prior…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews

Debunked

Claims the evidence overturned

See all
neuroscience
Debunked

Phrenology

Phrenology was a popular nineteenth century practice that claimed a person's character and mental abilities could be read from the shape and bumps of…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
physics
Debunked

The Luminiferous Aether

The luminiferous aether was a hypothetical substance once believed to fill all of space and to serve as the medium through which light waves…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
education
Debunked

Learning Styles

The idea that each person learns best through a particular sensory channel, and that teaching matched to that channel improves learning. It is…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
geology
Debunked

The Hollow Earth

The hollow Earth was the idea that our planet is not solid but hollow, perhaps containing a habitable inner world, or even inner suns and…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
astronomy
Debunked

The Martian Canals

The Martian canals were a network of fine, straight lines that some astronomers in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries believed they…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
history
Debunked

Alchemy

Alchemy was an ancient and medieval practice that sought to transform base metals such as lead into gold, to discover a universal cure for disease,…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
physics
Debunked

The Caloric Theory

The caloric theory was an explanation of heat, widely accepted into the early nineteenth century, which held that heat is an invisible, weightless…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
neuroscience
Debunked

The Left-Brain, Right-Brain Myth

The idea that people are left-brained and therefore logical, or right-brained and therefore creative, is one of the most widely believed claims about…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
physics
Debunked

Perpetual Motion

Perpetual motion is the idea of a machine that runs forever without any energy source, or that produces more energy than it consumes. Inventors have…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
astrophysics
Debunked

The Steady State Theory

The steady state theory was a model of the universe, popular in the mid twentieth century, which held that the universe has always looked roughly the…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
medicine
Debunked

Humorism: The Four Humors

Humorism, or humoral theory, was the belief that human health depends on the balance of four bodily fluids, called humors: blood, phlegm, yellow…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
nutrition
Debunked

Breakfast as the Most Important Meal

The claim that eating breakfast is necessary for health and weight control, and that skipping it causes weight gain. The phrase was popularised by…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews

Theories explained

Well substantiated explanations of how things work

See all
chemistry
Theory

Atomic Theory

Atomic theory is the idea that all matter is made up of tiny particles called atoms. It is one of the most important and successful ideas in all of…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
physics
Theory

The Kinetic Theory of Gases

The kinetic theory of gases explains the behaviour of gases as the result of countless tiny particles, atoms and molecules, in constant, rapid,…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
physics
Theory· Emerging

String Theory

String theory is a theoretical framework that attempts to unify all the forces and particles of nature, including gravity, into a single description.…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
biology
Theory· Scientific

Evolution by Natural Selection

Evolution by natural selection is the scientific theory that explains how the diversity of life arose and continues to change. It holds that…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
mathematics
Theory

The Theory of Computation

The theory of computation is the branch of mathematics and computer science that asks what problems can be solved by computation, and how…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
physics
Theory

Acoustics: The Science of Sound

Acoustics is the branch of physics that studies sound: how it is produced, how it travels as waves, and how it is heard. It bridges science and art,…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
geology
Theory

Uniformitarianism

Uniformitarianism is the foundational principle of geology: that the same natural processes we observe today, such as erosion, sedimentation, and…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
biology
Theory

Mendelian Inheritance

Mendelian inheritance is the set of principles describing how traits are passed from parents to offspring through discrete units we now call genes.…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
physics
Theory

Electromagnetism

Electromagnetism is the branch of physics that describes the forces between electric charges and the deep connection between electricity and…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
mathematics
Theory· Mathematical

Game Theory

Game theory is the mathematical study of strategic decision making, where the outcome for each participant depends not only on their own choice but…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
biology
Theory

Endosymbiotic Theory

Endosymbiotic theory explains the origin of the complex cells that make up plants, animals, fungi, and other higher organisms. It proposes that key…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
medicine
Theory· Scientific

Germ Theory of Disease

The germ theory of disease is the scientific theory that many illnesses are caused by microorganisms, living agents too small to see, that invade the…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
0 votes0 reviews
Jun 18, 2026
Fact· Empirical

Seychelles

Seychelles is an island nation in the Indian Ocean, an archipelago of 115 islands lying northeast of Madagascar, far from any continent. Famous for…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsJun 18, 2026
Fact· Empirical

Mauritius

Mauritius is an island nation in the Indian Ocean, east of Madagascar, a tropical paradise of white beaches, turquoise lagoons, and lush mountains.…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsJun 18, 2026
Fact· Empirical

Comoros

The Comoros is an island nation in the Indian Ocean, an archipelago at the northern end of the channel between Madagascar and the East African…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsJun 18, 2026
Fact· Empirical

São Tomé and Príncipe

São Tomé and Príncipe is a tiny island nation in the Gulf of Guinea, off the western coast of Central Africa, made up of two main volcanic islands…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsJun 18, 2026
Fact· Empirical

Cabo Verde

Cabo Verde, also known as Cape Verde, is an island nation in the Atlantic Ocean, an archipelago of ten volcanic islands lying off the coast of West…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsJun 18, 2026
Fact· Empirical

Guinea-Bissau

Guinea-Bissau is a small country on the Atlantic coast of West Africa, a low, watery land of mangrove creeks, rivers, and the scattered Bijagos…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsJun 18, 2026
Fact· Empirical

The Gambia

The Gambia is the smallest country on mainland Africa, a narrow ribbon of land following the course of the Gambia River for some 480 kilometres…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsJun 18, 2026
Fact· Empirical

Equatorial Guinea

Equatorial Guinea is a small country in Central Africa, unusual in several ways: it is the only sovereign African nation whose official language is…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsJun 18, 2026
Fact· Empirical

Central African Republic

The Central African Republic is a landlocked country at the very heart of the African continent, a sparsely populated land of savanna in the north…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsJun 18, 2026
Fact· Empirical

South Sudan

South Sudan is a landlocked country in East-Central Africa and the youngest internationally recognised nation in the world, having gained its…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsJun 18, 2026
Fact· Empirical

Djibouti

Djibouti is a small country in the Horn of Africa, strategically placed at the southern entrance to the Red Sea, where it meets the Gulf of Aden,…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsJun 18, 2026
Fact· Empirical

Eritrea

Eritrea is a country in the Horn of Africa, on the Red Sea coast, with a long shoreline and a string of islands facing one of the world's busiest…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsJun 18, 2026
Fact· Empirical

Lesotho

Lesotho is a small, mountainous kingdom in southern Africa with a unique geographic distinction: it is one of only a handful of countries completely…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsJun 18, 2026
Fact· Empirical

Eswatini

Eswatini, formerly known as Swaziland, is a tiny landlocked country in southern Africa, nestled between South Africa and Mozambique. One of the…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsJun 18, 2026
Fact· Empirical

Malawi

Malawi is a small, landlocked country in southeastern Africa, often called the Warm Heart of Africa for the friendliness of its people. Much of it is…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsJun 18, 2026
Fact· Empirical

Namibia

Namibia is a country in southwestern Africa, on the Atlantic coast, a vast and dramatically arid land named after the Namib, one of the oldest…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsJun 18, 2026
Fact· Empirical

Botswana

Botswana is a landlocked country in southern Africa, much of it taken up by the great Kalahari Desert, yet also home to the lush wetland of the…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsJun 18, 2026
Fact· Empirical

Republic of the Congo

The Republic of the Congo, often called Congo-Brazzaville to distinguish it from its larger neighbour across the river, is a country in Central…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsJun 18, 2026
Fact· Empirical

Gabon

Gabon is a country on the Atlantic coast of Central Africa, straddling the equator, and one of the most heavily forested nations on Earth. Dense…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsJun 18, 2026
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