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DebunkedThe PolygraphThe instrument popularly called a lie detector, which records breathing, blood pressure, pulse and skin conductance dur…

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The library

Capsules

1,028 capsules, each one classified by the strength of its evidence.

All1,028Fact599Proven130Theory89Hypothesis71Contested90Debunked48
geography236biology88physics67history54medicine45astronomy33psychology26mathematics26chemistry20engineering20astrophysics19neuroscience19anthropology18art18
Filtered bychemistryClear all

Results

Showing 1 to 20 of 48

NewestMost votedA to Z
nutrition
Fact

Salt

Sodium chloride. It is physiologically essential, it was the only reliable food preservative for most of history, and its scarcity relative to demand…

byCapsule
0 votes0 reviews
agriculture
Fact

Bread

Baked dough of ground grain and water. It is among the oldest prepared foods, it supplies a substantial share of the world's calories, and its…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
chemistry
Fact

The Battery

A device storing energy chemically and releasing it as electric current. It made electricity portable, and its energy density is the constraint…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
climate science
Fact

The Carbon Cycle

The movement of carbon between the atmosphere, oceans, land and rock. It operates on two timescales that differ by a factor of millions, and human…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
materials science
Fact

Polymers

Molecules built from many repeating units linked in chains. They include most plastics, all proteins and nucleic acids, rubber and cellulose, and…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
astrobiology
Fact

Biosignatures

Measurable indicators that life is or was present. They are how the search for life beyond Earth is actually conducted, since organisms cannot be…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
neuroscience
Fact

Neurotransmitters

The chemicals nerve cells use to signal to one another across synapses. They are the point at which the nervous system becomes chemical rather than…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
materials science
Fact

Glass

A solid that lacks the ordered internal arrangement of a crystal, formed by cooling a liquid fast enough that its atoms cannot arrange themselves. It…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
biotechnology
Fact

Fermentation

The extraction of energy from sugars without oxygen. It is one of the oldest biological processes, humans have exploited it for at least nine…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
materials science
Fact

Concrete

A composite of cement, water, sand and stone that begins as a liquid and hardens into artificial rock. It is the most used manufactured material on…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
nutrition
Fact

Vitamins

Organic compounds required in small amounts that the body cannot make for itself, or cannot make in sufficient quantity. Each was discovered through…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
chemistry
Fact

Combustion

The rapid reaction of a fuel with an oxidant that releases heat and usually light. It is the oldest technology humans control, it still supplies most…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
chemistry
Fact

Carbon

The element that forms the backbone of all known life, occurs as both the hardest common substance and one of the softest, and forms more compounds…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
chemistry
Fact

Acids and Bases

Two complementary classes of substance, defined by what they do with protons or with electron pairs. The distinction organises a large part of…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
chemistry
Theory

Molecular Orbital Theory

The account of chemical bonding in which electrons occupy orbitals belonging to the whole molecule rather than to individual bonds. It explains facts…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
chemistry
Debunked

Water Memory

The claim that water retains a biological imprint of substances it once contained, after dilution so extreme that not a single molecule of the…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
chemistry
Debunked

Polywater

A supposed polymeric form of water, reported from the Soviet Union in the 1960s and studied seriously worldwide for about a decade, which turned out…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
chemistry
Theory

Transition State Theory

The account of chemical reaction rates that treats a reaction as passing through a specific high-energy configuration, the transition state, and…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
chemistry
Proven

Chirality

The property of an object that cannot be superimposed on its mirror image, as with a left and a right hand. In chemistry it applies to molecules, and…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
chemistry
Proven

Electrolysis

Using an electric current to drive a chemical reaction that would not happen on its own. It is the reverse of a battery, and it is how aluminium,…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
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