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DebunkedThe PolygraphThe instrument popularly called a lie detector, which records breathing, blood pressure, pulse and skin conductance dur…

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The library

Capsules

1,028 capsules, each one classified by the strength of its evidence.

All1,028Fact599Proven130Theory89Hypothesis71Contested90Debunked48
geography236biology88physics67history54medicine45astronomy33psychology26mathematics26chemistry20engineering20astrophysics19neuroscience19anthropology18art18
Filtered bygeneticsClear all

Results

Showing 1 to 20 of 34

NewestMost votedA to Z
Fact

Gene Regulation

The control of which genes are expressed, when, and how strongly. Every cell in an organism carries the same genome, so what distinguishes a neuron…

byCapsule
0 votes0 reviews
Aug 5, 2026
Fact

Synthetic Biology

The design and construction of biological systems that do not exist in nature, treating cells as programmable manufacturing platforms. It applies…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsAug 5, 2026
Fact

DNA Sequencing

Determining the order of bases in a DNA molecule. The cost has fallen faster than almost any technology in history, and that fall converted…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsAug 5, 2026
Fact

Genetically Modified Crops

Plants whose genome has been altered using recombinant DNA techniques. They have been grown commercially since 1996, cover a substantial share of…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsAug 5, 2026
Fact

Sex Determination

The mechanisms by which an organism develops as male, female or another form. The systems are far more varied than the mammalian arrangement…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsAug 5, 2026
Fact

Mutation

A change in the sequence of an organism's DNA. Mutations are the ultimate source of all genetic variation, most have no effect, some cause disease,…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsAug 5, 2026
Fact

The Ribosome

The molecular machine that reads genetic messages and builds proteins from them. It is present in every living cell, it is largely made of RNA rather…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsAug 5, 2026
Fact

RNA

Ribonucleic acid, a molecule closely related to DNA that carries genetic messages, performs chemical work, and regulates which genes are used. It was…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsAug 5, 2026
Fact

Chromosomes

The structures into which the DNA of a cell is packaged. They are how an organism's genetic material is organised, divided accurately between…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsAug 5, 2026
Debunked

Telegony

The belief that a female's offspring can inherit characteristics from a male she mated with previously, even when he did not father them. It is…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsAug 4, 2026
Debunked

Lysenkoism

The agricultural biology of Trofim Lysenko, adopted as official Soviet doctrine from the 1930s to the mid-1960s, which rejected genetics as a…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsAug 4, 2026
Theory

The Neutral Theory of Molecular Evolution

The proposal that the great majority of genetic differences within and between species are not adaptive, but are changes with no effect on fitness…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsAug 4, 2026
Hypothesis

The Molecular Clock

The proposal that genetic differences accumulate at a roughly constant rate, so counting them dates the split between two lineages. It transformed…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsAug 4, 2026
Proven

The Two-Hit Hypothesis

Cancer caused by loss of a tumour suppressor requires both copies of the gene to be knocked out. Alfred Knudson deduced this in 1971 from the…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsAug 4, 2026
Proven

The Cell Cycle

The ordered sequence a cell follows to duplicate itself, controlled by checkpoints that stop it proceeding until the previous stage is complete.…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsAug 4, 2026
Hypothesis

The Extended Evolutionary Synthesis

The proposal that evolutionary theory needs restructuring to give causal roles to development, inheritance beyond genes, and organisms shaping their…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsAug 3, 2026
Hypothesis

Antagonistic Pleiotropy

The proposal that ageing is caused by genes which help early in life and harm later, and which selection favours anyway because early effects matter…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsAug 3, 2026
Proven

Circadian Rhythms

Almost every organism runs an internal clock with a period of about a day, generated by a molecular feedback loop inside individual cells. It runs…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsAug 3, 2026
Proven

The Polymerase Chain Reaction

A method for making billions of copies of a chosen stretch of DNA from a starting sample too small to work with. It made genetic testing, forensic…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsAug 3, 2026
Proven

DNA Replication

Copying a genome of three billion letters, at a final error rate of about one in a billion, in a few hours, every time a cell divides. The mechanism…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsAug 3, 2026
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