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DebunkedThe PolygraphThe instrument popularly called a lie detector, which records breathing, blood pressure, pulse and skin conductance dur…

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The library

Capsules

1,028 capsules, each one classified by the strength of its evidence.

All1,028Fact599Proven130Theory89Hypothesis71Contested90Debunked48
geography236biology88physics67history54medicine45astronomy33psychology26mathematics26chemistry20engineering20astrophysics19neuroscience19anthropology18art18
Filtered byProvenbiologyClear all

Results

Showing 1 to 20 of 31

NewestMost votedA to Z
chemistry
Proven

Chirality

The property of an object that cannot be superimposed on its mirror image, as with a left and a right hand. In chemistry it applies to molecules, and…

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0 votes0 reviews
biology
Proven

Muscle Contraction

Muscle shortens because two sets of protein filaments slide past one another, driven by myosin heads that repeatedly attach to actin, pivot, and let…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
biochemistry
Proven

The Krebs Cycle

The central sequence of reactions by which cells extract energy from food. It runs in nearly every organism that uses oxygen, it is the hub where the…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
neuroscience
Proven

The Blood-Brain Barrier

A selective barrier separating the brain's blood supply from its tissue, admitting what neurons need and excluding almost everything else. It…

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biology
Proven

The Cell Cycle

The ordered sequence a cell follows to duplicate itself, controlled by checkpoints that stop it proceeding until the previous stage is complete.…

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immunology
Proven

Clonal Selection

The immune system generates enormous numbers of cells with randomly assembled receptors, and whichever happen to fit an invader are multiplied. It is…

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biology
Proven

Nitrogen Fixation

Air is nearly eighty percent nitrogen and almost nothing can use it. Breaking the bond that holds the molecule together is what makes proteins and…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
biology
Proven

Apoptosis

Cells kill themselves on instruction, following a controlled programme that dismantles them tidily. It builds bodies by removing what is not needed,…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
neuroscience
Proven

Colour Vision

Colour is not a property of light. It is what the visual system computes from the responses of three receptor types, and the computation is what…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
biology
Proven

Circadian Rhythms

Almost every organism runs an internal clock with a period of about a day, generated by a molecular feedback loop inside individual cells. It runs…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
molecular biology
Proven

DNA Replication

Copying a genome of three billion letters, at a final error rate of about one in a billion, in a few hours, every time a cell divides. The mechanism…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
biology
Proven

Osmosis

Water moves across a membrane from where solutes are dilute to where they are concentrated. It requires no pump and no energy input, it generates…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
biochemistry
Proven

Enzyme Catalysis

Enzymes speed up chemical reactions by factors that reach ten to the power of seventeen, at body temperature and neutral pH, without being consumed.…

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biology
Proven

Meiosis

The cell division that halves the chromosome number and shuffles the genome at the same time. It is the reason sexual reproduction produces…

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genetics
Proven

The Hardy-Weinberg Principle

In a large population with random mating and nothing else happening, gene frequencies do not change from one generation to the next. It sounds like a…

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medicine
Proven

The Circulation of the Blood

William Harvey demonstrated in 1628 that blood circulates in a closed loop driven by the heart. He proved it by measurement, against a doctrine that…

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biology
Proven

Sexual Selection

Darwin's second theory, proposed to explain traits that natural selection could not: peacock tails, antlers, birdsong, and every ornament that costs…

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biology
Proven

Convergent Evolution

Unrelated lineages repeatedly arrive at the same solution. Eyes, wings, flight, venom and photosynthesis have each evolved independently many times,…

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neuroscience
Proven

The Action Potential

The electrical pulse a nerve cell uses to signal. It is the unit of communication in every nervous system, its mechanism is understood in…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
chemistry
Proven

X-ray Crystallography

A technique for determining the arrangement of atoms in a solid by firing X-rays at a crystal and reading the pattern they scatter into. It has…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
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