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DebunkedThe PolygraphThe instrument popularly called a lie detector, which records breathing, blood pressure, pulse and skin conductance dur…

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The library

Capsules

1,028 capsules, each one classified by the strength of its evidence.

All1,028Fact599Proven130Theory89Hypothesis71Contested90Debunked48
geography236biology88physics67history54medicine45astronomy33psychology26mathematics26chemistry20engineering20astrophysics19neuroscience19anthropology18art18
Filtered bybiologyClear all

Results

Showing 21 to 40 of 88

NewestMost votedA to Z
biology
Debunked

Recapitulation Theory

Ernst Haeckel's claim that an embryo passes through the adult forms of its ancestors as it develops, summarised as the slogan that ontogeny…

byCapsule
0 votes0 reviews
biology
Proven

Muscle Contraction

Muscle shortens because two sets of protein filaments slide past one another, driven by myosin heads that repeatedly attach to actin, pivot, and let…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
biology
Hypothesis

The Major Transitions in Evolution

The proposal that the history of life is punctuated by a small number of events in which independently reproducing entities combined into a larger…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
biology
Hypothesis

The Sexy Son Hypothesis

The proposal that a female may benefit from choosing an attractive mate even if he provides nothing else, because her sons inherit the attractiveness…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
biology
Hypothesis

The Baldwin Effect

The proposal that behaviours learned during life can steer subsequent genetic evolution, without any Lamarckian inheritance of acquired traits. It…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
biology
Proven

The Cell Cycle

The ordered sequence a cell follows to duplicate itself, controlled by checkpoints that stop it proceeding until the previous stage is complete.…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
biology
Hypothesis

Group Selection

The proposal that natural selection can act on groups as well as individuals, favouring traits that benefit the group at the individual's expense. It…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
biology
Hypothesis

Niche Construction

The proposal that organisms do not merely adapt to environments but build them, and that the environments they build become selection pressures for…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
biology
Hypothesis

The Extended Evolutionary Synthesis

The proposal that evolutionary theory needs restructuring to give causal roles to development, inheritance beyond genes, and organisms shaping their…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
biology
Hypothesis

The Red Queen Hypothesis

The proposal that organisms must keep evolving simply to maintain their position, because everything they interact with is evolving too. It takes its…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
biology
Hypothesis

Antagonistic Pleiotropy

The proposal that ageing is caused by genes which help early in life and harm later, and which selection favours anyway because early effects matter…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
biology
Hypothesis

The Disposable Soma Theory

The proposal that organisms age because it is not worth the energy to maintain a body indefinitely when something will kill it anyway. It explains…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
biology
Hypothesis

The Free Radical Theory of Ageing

The proposal that ageing is cumulative damage from reactive oxygen species produced by normal metabolism. It dominated ageing research for half a…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
biology
Proven

Nitrogen Fixation

Air is nearly eighty percent nitrogen and almost nothing can use it. Breaking the bond that holds the molecule together is what makes proteins and…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
biology
Proven

Apoptosis

Cells kill themselves on instruction, following a controlled programme that dismantles them tidily. It builds bodies by removing what is not needed,…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
biology
Hypothesis

The Drunken Monkey Hypothesis

The proposal that the human attraction to alcohol descends from a primate ancestor's taste for fermenting fruit, in which ethanol signalled ripeness…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
biology
Proven

Circadian Rhythms

Almost every organism runs an internal clock with a period of about a day, generated by a molecular feedback loop inside individual cells. It runs…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
biology
Hypothesis

Viral Eukaryogenesis

The proposal that the cell nucleus originated as a large DNA virus that took up permanent residence in an ancestral cell. It is a minority position…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
biology
Proven

Osmosis

Water moves across a membrane from where solutes are dilute to where they are concentrated. It requires no pump and no energy input, it generates…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
biology
Proven

Meiosis

The cell division that halves the chromosome number and shuffles the genome at the same time. It is the reason sexual reproduction produces…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
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