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DebunkedThe PolygraphThe instrument popularly called a lie detector, which records breathing, blood pressure, pulse and skin conductance dur…

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The library

Capsules

1,028 capsules, each one classified by the strength of its evidence.

All1,028Fact599Proven130Theory89Hypothesis71Contested90Debunked48
geography236biology88physics67history54medicine45astronomy33psychology26mathematics26chemistry20engineering20astrophysics19neuroscience19anthropology18art18
Filtered byphysicsClear all

Results

Showing 21 to 40 of 107

NewestMost votedA to Z
physics
Proven

The Hall Effect

Pass a current through a conductor in a magnetic field and a voltage appears across it, perpendicular to both. Discovered by a graduate student in…

byCapsule
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physics
Proven

The Ideal Gas Law

One equation relating the pressure, volume, temperature and quantity of a gas. It is an approximation that no real gas obeys exactly, it is accurate…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
physics
Hypothesis

Loop Quantum Gravity

An attempt to make gravity quantum by quantising spacetime itself, producing a picture in which space is granular and area and volume come in…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
physics
Hypothesis

The Holographic Principle

The proposal that everything happening inside a region of space can be fully described by information stored on its boundary, so that a volume of…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
chemistry
Proven

Spectroscopy

Every element absorbs and emits light at a unique set of wavelengths. Reading those wavelengths identifies what something is made of without touching…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
astronomy
Proven

The Expansion of the Universe

Distant galaxies recede from us, and the further away they are the faster they go. The observation established that the universe has a history rather…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
physics
Proven

Nuclear Fission

Splitting a heavy nucleus releases about a hundred million times more energy per atom than a chemical reaction. It was discovered by accident in…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
physics
Proven

Rutherford Scattering

Firing alpha particles at gold foil and finding that a few bounced back. The result destroyed the prevailing model of the atom, established that…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
physics
Proven

The Laser

A device that produces light in which every wave is in step, travelling in one direction at one wavelength. It was built in 1960 with no application…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
astrophysics
Hypothesis

Modified Newtonian Dynamics

Galaxies rotate faster at their edges than the visible matter can explain. The standard answer is that unseen dark matter supplies the extra gravity.…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
medicine
Proven

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

A way of photographing the inside of a living body in any plane, at high resolution, without ionising radiation, by making hydrogen nuclei resonate…

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engineering
Proven

The Transistor

A device that lets a small electrical signal control a large one, with no moving parts, made from a crystal. It replaced the vacuum tube, made…

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physics
Proven

The Double-Slit Experiment

Send particles one at a time through two narrow openings and they build up a pattern that only waves can produce. Watch which opening each one goes…

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physics
Proven

The Second Law of Thermodynamics

Heat does not flow from cold to hot by itself, and no engine converts heat entirely into work. The second law is the most secure statement in…

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physics
Proven

Neutrino Oscillation

Neutrinos change identity as they travel, converting between three types. The discovery resolved a thirty-year discrepancy in measurements of the Sun…

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chemistry
Proven

X-ray Crystallography

A technique for determining the arrangement of atoms in a solid by firing X-rays at a crystal and reading the pattern they scatter into. It has…

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physics
Proven

The Michelson-Morley Experiment

In 1887 two men in a basement in Cleveland tried to measure the Earth's motion through the medium light was assumed to travel in. They found nothing.…

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oceanography
Proven

Thermohaline Circulation

A global system of deep ocean currents driven by differences in water density, which itself depends on temperature and salinity. It moves heat around…

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quantum physics
Proven

Quantum Tunnelling

A particle can pass through a barrier it does not have enough energy to climb. This has no classical analogue, it is measured routinely, and it is…

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quantum physics
Proven

Quantum Entanglement

Two particles can be prepared in a joint state where neither has a definite property of its own, and measuring one immediately fixes the…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
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