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Capsule of the Day

DebunkedThe PolygraphThe instrument popularly called a lie detector, which records breathing, blood pressure, pulse and skin conductance dur…

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The library

Capsules

1,028 capsules, each one classified by the strength of its evidence.

All1,028Fact599Proven130Theory89Hypothesis71Contested90Debunked48
geography236biology88physics67history54medicine45astronomy33psychology26mathematics26chemistry20engineering20astrophysics19neuroscience19anthropology18art18
Filtered byphysicsClear all

Results

Showing 1 to 20 of 107

NewestMost votedA to Z
media studies
Fact

Radio

Communication using electromagnetic waves without a conductor between sender and receiver. It was the first medium to reach a mass audience…

byCapsule
0 votes0 reviews
physics
Fact

Timekeeping

Measuring the passage of time and dividing it into units. Every method works by counting something that repeats regularly, and the history of the…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
quantum physics
Fact

Quantum Spin

An intrinsic form of angular momentum carried by particles, with no counterpart in classical physics. Nothing is rotating, the quantity is quantised,…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
climate science
Fact

Climate Models

Computer simulations of the climate system, built from physical laws and used to understand past climate and project future change. They are the…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
quantum physics
Fact

The Uncertainty Principle

The result that certain pairs of physical properties cannot both have precisely defined values at the same time. It is a statement about what quantum…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
mathematics
Fact

Calculus

The mathematics of continuous change, comprising the differential calculus of rates and the integral calculus of accumulation, and the theorem…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
physics
Theory

The Nuclear Shell Model

The description of the atomic nucleus in which protons and neutrons occupy quantised energy levels, filling shells in the way electrons do in an…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
physics
Debunked

N-Rays

A form of radiation announced in 1903 by the French physicist Prosper-René Blondlot, investigated in dozens of laboratories, described in around…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
physics
Theory

BCS Theory

The microscopic explanation of superconductivity in conventional superconductors, published by John Bardeen, Leon Cooper and John Robert Schrieffer…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
materials science
Theory

Band Theory of Solids

The account of why some solids conduct electricity and others do not, in terms of allowed and forbidden ranges of electron energy created by the…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
physics
Proven

The Carnot Cycle

An idealised sequence of four reversible steps that a heat engine could in principle follow, and which no real engine can beat. Its efficiency…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
physics
Proven

Surface Tension

The tendency of a liquid surface to contract to the smallest possible area, because a molecule at the surface has fewer neighbours to attract it than…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
physics
Proven

Diffraction

The spreading and bending of waves when they meet an obstacle or pass through an opening. It happens to all waves, it is the reason light does not…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
physics
Proven

Snell's Law

Light bends when it passes between materials, by an amount fixed by a simple ratio. The rule governs every lens, every fibre optic cable and the…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
physics
Proven

Electromagnetic Induction

A changing magnetic field produces an electric current. Michael Faraday demonstrated it in 1831, and essentially all the world's electricity is…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
physics
Proven

Archimedes' Principle

A body immersed in a fluid is pushed up by a force equal to the weight of the fluid it displaces. It explains why steel ships float, it is over two…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
engineering
Proven

Satellite Navigation

Knowing where you are anywhere on Earth to within a few metres, by timing radio signals from satellites. It works because atomic clocks are…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
physics
Proven

X-rays

A form of light too energetic to see, discovered by accident in 1895, which passes through flesh and is stopped by bone. Within months it was in…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
mathematics
Proven

Non-Euclidean Geometry

For two thousand years one of Euclid's assumptions looked like it should be provable from the others. It is not. Denying it produces consistent…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
mathematics
Proven

The Fourier Transform

Any signal can be decomposed into a sum of pure sine waves of different frequencies. The claim was disbelieved when made, it is one of the most…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
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