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DebunkedThe PolygraphThe instrument popularly called a lie detector, which records breathing, blood pressure, pulse and skin conductance dur…

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The library

Capsules

1,028 capsules, each one classified by the strength of its evidence.

All1,028Fact599Proven130Theory89Hypothesis71Contested90Debunked48
geography236biology88physics67history54medicine45astronomy33psychology26mathematics26chemistry20engineering20astrophysics19neuroscience19anthropology18art18
Filtered byhistoryClear all

Results

Showing 1 to 20 of 172

NewestMost votedA to Z
Fact· Empirical

Horse

The horse, Equus ferus caballus, is a large grazing mammal domesticated on the Eurasian steppe and, for roughly four thousand years, the fastest way…

byCapsule
0 votes0 reviews
Aug 7, 2026
Fact

The Telegraph

Communication by coded electrical signal over wires. It was the first technology to separate the speed of a message from the speed of travel, and…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsAug 5, 2026
Fact

Salt

Sodium chloride. It is physiologically essential, it was the only reliable food preservative for most of history, and its scarcity relative to demand…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsAug 5, 2026
Fact

Livestock

Domesticated animals kept for food, fibre, labour and other products. Livestock made agriculture viable on land that grows no crops, and they are now…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsAug 5, 2026
Fact

Nursing

The care of the sick, injured and dependent. Nursing is the largest health profession by a wide margin, its outcomes are measurable and substantial,…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsAug 5, 2026
Fact

Surgery

Treatment by physical intervention in the body. Surgery was limited for millennia not by knowledge of anatomy but by three specific obstacles, and…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsAug 5, 2026
Fact

Museums

Institutions that collect, preserve, study and display objects. What they display is a small fraction of what they hold, how they came to hold it is…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsAug 5, 2026
Fact

Libraries

Organised collections of recorded knowledge, held for use. Libraries are older than most of the writing systems that survive, their defining problem…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsAug 5, 2026
Fact

Accounting

The systematic recording and reporting of financial activity. Double-entry bookkeeping is among the more consequential inventions in the history of…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsAug 5, 2026
Fact

Insurance

The transfer of risk from an individual to a pool in exchange for a payment. It works because large numbers behave predictably even when individuals…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsAug 5, 2026
Fact

Banking

Institutions that take deposits and make loans. The central fact about banking is that it creates money rather than merely storing it, and almost…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsAug 5, 2026
Fact

Sanitation

The safe management of human waste. It has saved more lives than any medical treatment, it is the least discussed of the major public health…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsAug 5, 2026
Fact

Canals

Artificial waterways for navigation. Water carries heavy loads at a fraction of the effort land transport requires, and for a period of roughly a…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsAug 5, 2026
Fact

Roads

Prepared routes for travel over land. Roads are the oldest large-scale infrastructure, the engineering problem they solve is drainage rather than…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsAug 5, 2026
Fact

Paper

A sheet of matted plant fibre. It replaced every earlier writing surface because it was far cheaper, and the consequences of cheap writing material…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsAug 5, 2026
Fact

Cartography

The making of maps. Every map is a deliberate distortion, because the surface of a sphere cannot be laid flat without stretching something, and every…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsAug 5, 2026
Fact

The Marathon

A running race of 42.195 kilometres. The distance is arbitrary, its founding story is largely legend, and it has become the standard test of…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsAug 5, 2026
Fact

Board Games

Games played on a marked surface with pieces. They are among the oldest recorded recreational objects, they appear independently across unconnected…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsAug 5, 2026
Fact

Clothing

Coverings worn on the body. Clothing is functional, and its functions are only partly physical: almost everywhere it also signals identity, status…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsAug 5, 2026
Fact

Sculpture

Three-dimensional art, made by removing material, adding it, or casting it. The method used constrains what can be made, and much of what…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsAug 5, 2026
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