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Capsule of the Day

DebunkedThe PolygraphThe instrument popularly called a lie detector, which records breathing, blood pressure, pulse and skin conductance dur…

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The library

Capsules

1,028 capsules, each one classified by the strength of its evidence.

All1,028Fact599Proven130Theory89Hypothesis71Contested90Debunked48
geography236biology88physics67history54medicine45astronomy33psychology26mathematics26chemistry20engineering20astrophysics19neuroscience19anthropology18art18
Filtered bytechnologyClear all

Results

Showing 1 to 20 of 52

NewestMost votedA to Z
media studies
Fact

The Telegraph

Communication by coded electrical signal over wires. It was the first technology to separate the speed of a message from the speed of travel, and…

byCapsule
0 votes0 reviews
media studies
Fact

Radio

Communication using electromagnetic waves without a conductor between sender and receiver. It was the first medium to reach a mass audience…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
medicine
Fact

Surgery

Treatment by physical intervention in the body. Surgery was limited for millennia not by knowledge of anatomy but by three specific obstacles, and…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
engineering
Fact

Refrigeration

Removing heat from a space to keep it below the surrounding temperature. It is the technology that changed what people eat more than any other, and…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
materials science
Fact

Paper

A sheet of matted plant fibre. It replaced every earlier writing surface because it was far cheaper, and the consequences of cheap writing material…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
anthropology
Fact

Clothing

Coverings worn on the body. Clothing is functional, and its functions are only partly physical: almost everywhere it also signals identity, status…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
art
Fact

Photography

Recording images by the action of light on a light-sensitive surface. It required two separate discoveries, projecting an image and fixing it…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
physics
Fact

Timekeeping

Measuring the passage of time and dividing it into units. Every method works by counting something that repeats regularly, and the history of the…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
chemistry
Fact

The Battery

A device storing energy chemically and releasing it as electric current. It made electricity portable, and its energy density is the constraint…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
engineering
Fact

Navigation

Determining position and finding a route. For most of history the difficult part was not direction but position, and specifically longitude, which…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
engineering
Fact

Aviation

Powered flight through the atmosphere. It went from first sustained flight to routine intercontinental travel within sixty years, and its safety…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
engineering
Fact

The Electricity Grid

The network generating, transmitting and distributing electrical power. It is the largest machine ever built, it must balance supply and demand…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
science
Fact

Units of Measurement

Defined quantities against which other quantities are compared. Their standardisation is a precondition for trade, engineering and science, and the…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
quantum physics
Fact

The Photon

The quantum of the electromagnetic field, the smallest possible amount of light at a given frequency. It has no mass, always travels at the speed of…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
nutrition
Fact

Food Preservation

Techniques for preventing food from spoiling. All of them work by attacking the same small set of conditions that microorganisms and enzymes require,…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
genetics
Fact

DNA Sequencing

Determining the order of bases in a DNA molecule. The cost has fallen faster than almost any technology in history, and that fall converted…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
computer science
Fact

Computer Networks

Systems connecting computers so that they can exchange data. The design decisions taken in the 1960s and 1970s determined the shape of the internet,…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
archaeology
Fact

Pottery

Objects formed from clay and hardened by heat. Pottery is the most abundant artefact in archaeology, it survives almost indefinitely, and it is the…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
neuroscience
Fact

Brain Imaging

Techniques for observing the structure and activity of a living brain without opening the skull. They transformed both clinical neurology and the…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
computer science
Fact

Operating Systems

The software that manages a computer's hardware and provides services to every other program. It exists because writing each program to control the…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
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