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DebunkedThe PolygraphThe instrument popularly called a lie detector, which records breathing, blood pressure, pulse and skin conductance dur…

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The library

Capsules

1,028 capsules, each one classified by the strength of its evidence.

All1,028Fact599Proven130Theory89Hypothesis71Contested90Debunked48
geography236biology88physics67history54medicine45astronomy33psychology26mathematics26chemistry20engineering20astrophysics19neuroscience19anthropology18art18
Filtered byneuroscienceClear all

Results

Showing 1 to 20 of 35

NewestMost votedA to Z
neuroscience
Fact

The Cerebral Cortex

The outer layer of the cerebrum, a sheet of neurons a few millimetres thick folded to fit inside the skull. It performs the processing associated…

byCapsule
0 votes0 reviews
neuroscience
Fact

Brain Imaging

Techniques for observing the structure and activity of a living brain without opening the skull. They transformed both clinical neurology and the…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
neuroscience
Fact

Neurotransmitters

The chemicals nerve cells use to signal to one another across synapses. They are the point at which the nervous system becomes chemical rather than…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
neuroscience
Fact

The Neuron

The cell type that carries and processes signals in the nervous system. Neurons are electrically excitable, connect to one another at junctions…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
neuroscience
Contested

Why We Sleep

Sleep is universal among animals with nervous systems, is regulated with precision, and is fatal to eliminate. What it is for remains unresolved, and…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
neuroscience
Debunked

The Ten Percent of the Brain Myth

The claim that human beings use only about ten per cent of their brains, and that the remainder is untapped potential. Every method of examining the…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
medicine
Debunked

Lobotomy

The surgical severing of connections to the frontal lobes as a treatment for mental illness. It was performed on tens of thousands of people between…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
medicine
Hypothesis

The Glutamate Hypothesis of Schizophrenia

The proposal that schizophrenia involves underactive NMDA receptors rather than, or as well as, excess dopamine. It explains what the dopamine…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
neuroscience
Proven

The Blood-Brain Barrier

A selective barrier separating the brain's blood supply from its tissue, admitting what neurons need and excluding almost everything else. It…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
neuroscience
Proven

Long-Term Potentiation

A brief burst of activity at a synapse can strengthen it for hours, days or longer. It is the best-supported cellular mechanism for learning, it was…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
neuroscience
Proven

Colour Vision

Colour is not a property of light. It is what the visual system computes from the responses of three receptor types, and the computation is what…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
neuroscience
Hypothesis

Integrated Information Theory

Giulio Tononi's proposal that consciousness is integrated information, quantifiable as a number called phi, and present wherever that number is above…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
neuroscience
Hypothesis

The Free Energy Principle

Karl Friston's proposal that everything a brain does, and arguably everything any self-organising system does, can be described as minimising a…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
neuroscience
Hypothesis

The Glymphatic System

The proposal that the brain flushes waste through a network of fluid-filled channels, and that the flushing happens mainly during sleep. It was…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
medicine
Hypothesis

The Gut-Brain Axis

The proposal that gut microbes influence mood, behaviour and neurological disease, and that altering them could treat psychiatric and…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
medicine
Hypothesis

The Dopamine Hypothesis of Schizophrenia

The proposal that psychosis results from excess dopamine signalling. It has organised psychiatry for sixty years, it was inferred backwards from…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
medicine
Hypothesis

The Serotonin Hypothesis of Depression

The proposal that depression is caused by low serotonin, and that antidepressants work by correcting it. The popular version of this claim is not…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
neuroscience
Proven

The McGurk Effect

Watch a face saying one syllable while hearing another, and you perceive a third that was never present in either. Speech perception turns out to be…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
medicine
Hypothesis

The Amyloid Hypothesis

The proposal that Alzheimer's disease is caused by the accumulation of amyloid beta protein in the brain. It has directed the field for over thirty…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
anthropology
Hypothesis

The Social Brain Hypothesis

The proposal that primate brains grew large to manage social relationships rather than to solve ecological problems, and that the size of a species'…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
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