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DebunkedThe PolygraphThe instrument popularly called a lie detector, which records breathing, blood pressure, pulse and skin conductance dur…

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The library

Capsules

1,028 capsules, each one classified by the strength of its evidence.

All1,028Fact599Proven130Theory89Hypothesis71Contested90Debunked48
geography236biology88physics67history54medicine45astronomy33psychology26mathematics26chemistry20engineering20astrophysics19neuroscience19anthropology18art18
Filtered bymedicineClear all

Results

Showing 21 to 40 of 81

NewestMost votedA to Z
Debunked

Lobotomy

The surgical severing of connections to the frontal lobes as a treatment for mental illness. It was performed on tens of thousands of people between…

byCapsule
0 votes0 reviews
Aug 4, 2026
Debunked

Autointoxication

The doctrine that waste retained in the large intestine putrefies and poisons the body, causing a wide range of unrelated diseases. It was mainstream…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsAug 4, 2026
Debunked

Stomach Ulcers and Stress

The belief that peptic ulcers are caused by stress, personality and diet, and that they are a chronic condition to be managed rather than cured. Most…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsAug 4, 2026
Proven

Blood Clotting

The process that seals a damaged blood vessel, combining a physical plug of platelets with a mesh of fibrin produced by a cascade of enzymes. It has…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsAug 4, 2026
Hypothesis

Developmental Origins of Health and Disease

The proposal that conditions in the womb and in early infancy set a person's risk of heart disease, diabetes and other conditions decades later. It…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsAug 4, 2026
Hypothesis

The Glutamate Hypothesis of Schizophrenia

The proposal that schizophrenia involves underactive NMDA receptors rather than, or as well as, excess dopamine. It explains what the dopamine…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsAug 4, 2026
Hypothesis

The Seed and Soil Hypothesis

The proposal that cancers spread to particular organs not by accident of circulation but because those tissues are hospitable to them. It was…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsAug 4, 2026
Hypothesis

The Warburg Effect

Cancer cells burn glucose wastefully, converting it to lactate even when oxygen is plentiful. The observation is a century old and undisputed, it is…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsAug 4, 2026
Proven

The Two-Hit Hypothesis

Cancer caused by loss of a tumour suppressor requires both copies of the gene to be knocked out. Alfred Knudson deduced this in 1971 from the…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsAug 4, 2026
Proven

The Blood-Brain Barrier

A selective barrier separating the brain's blood supply from its tissue, admitting what neurons need and excluding almost everything else. It…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsAug 4, 2026
Hypothesis

The Inflammatory Hypothesis of Depression

The proposal that inflammation causes depression in some patients. The evidence is better than for the serotonin account it partly replaced, and the…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsAug 3, 2026
Hypothesis

The Free Radical Theory of Ageing

The proposal that ageing is cumulative damage from reactive oxygen species produced by normal metabolism. It dominated ageing research for half a…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsAug 3, 2026
Proven

Clonal Selection

The immune system generates enormous numbers of cells with randomly assembled receptors, and whichever happen to fit an invader are multiplied. It is…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsAug 3, 2026
Proven

X-rays

A form of light too energetic to see, discovered by accident in 1895, which passes through flesh and is stopped by bone. Within months it was in…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsAug 3, 2026
Proven

Apoptosis

Cells kill themselves on instruction, following a controlled programme that dismantles them tidily. It builds bodies by removing what is not needed,…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsAug 3, 2026
Hypothesis

The Social Defeat Hypothesis of Psychosis

The proposal that chronic experience of being excluded or subordinated raises the risk of psychosis, by sensitising the brain's dopamine system. It…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsAug 3, 2026
Hypothesis

The Old Friends Hypothesis

The proposal that the immune system requires exposure to organisms it co-evolved with in order to develop proper regulation, and that losing those…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsAug 3, 2026
Proven

The Polymerase Chain Reaction

A method for making billions of copies of a chosen stretch of DNA from a starting sample too small to work with. It made genetic testing, forensic…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsAug 3, 2026
Proven

Pasteurisation

Heating a liquid to a controlled temperature for a controlled time kills enough pathogens to make it safe without destroying it. It is among the most…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsAug 3, 2026
Hypothesis

The Cancer Stem Cell Hypothesis

The proposal that tumours are sustained by a small subpopulation of cells with stem-like properties, and that killing the bulk of a tumour without…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsAug 3, 2026
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