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DebunkedThe PolygraphThe instrument popularly called a lie detector, which records breathing, blood pressure, pulse and skin conductance dur…

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The library

Capsules

1,028 capsules, each one classified by the strength of its evidence.

All1,028Fact599Proven130Theory89Hypothesis71Contested90Debunked48
geography236biology88physics67history54medicine45astronomy33psychology26mathematics26chemistry20engineering20astrophysics19neuroscience19anthropology18art18
Filtered byengineeringClear all

Results

Showing 1 to 20 of 34

NewestMost votedA to Z
Fact

Sanitation

The safe management of human waste. It has saved more lives than any medical treatment, it is the least discussed of the major public health…

byCapsule
0 votes0 reviews
Aug 5, 2026
Fact

Refrigeration

Removing heat from a space to keep it below the surrounding temperature. It is the technology that changed what people eat more than any other, and…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsAug 5, 2026
Fact

Canals

Artificial waterways for navigation. Water carries heavy loads at a fraction of the effort land transport requires, and for a period of roughly a…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsAug 5, 2026
Fact

Roads

Prepared routes for travel over land. Roads are the oldest large-scale infrastructure, the engineering problem they solve is drainage rather than…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsAug 5, 2026
Fact

Irrigation

Supplying water to crops artificially. It made agriculture possible in places rainfall could not support, it is the largest human use of fresh water,…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsAug 5, 2026
Fact

Navigation

Determining position and finding a route. For most of history the difficult part was not direction but position, and specifically longitude, which…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsAug 5, 2026
Fact

Aviation

Powered flight through the atmosphere. It went from first sustained flight to routine intercontinental travel within sixty years, and its safety…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsAug 5, 2026
Fact

The Electricity Grid

The network generating, transmitting and distributing electrical power. It is the largest machine ever built, it must balance supply and demand…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsAug 5, 2026
Fact

Railways

Vehicles running on fixed guided tracks. The essential idea is older than the steam engine, and what railways did to distance, time and settlement…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsAug 5, 2026
Fact

Synthetic Biology

The design and construction of biological systems that do not exist in nature, treating cells as programmable manufacturing platforms. It applies…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsAug 5, 2026
Fact

The Cathedral

The principal church of a diocese, containing the bishop's seat. Medieval European cathedrals were the largest and most technically ambitious…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsAug 5, 2026
Fact

Steel

An alloy of iron with a small and controlled quantity of carbon. That small addition transforms a soft metal into the most widely used structural…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsAug 5, 2026
Fact

The Dome

A roof formed as a hollow hemisphere or similar curved shell. It spans large spaces without internal supports, it works entirely in compression, and…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsAug 5, 2026
Fact

Concrete

A composite of cement, water, sand and stone that begins as a liquid and hardens into artificial rock. It is the most used manufactured material on…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsAug 5, 2026
Fact

Skyscraper

A very tall multi-storey building, made possible in the late nineteenth century by two technologies arriving together: the steel frame and the safe…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsAug 5, 2026
Fact

Sewage Treatment

The process of removing contaminants from wastewater before returning it to the environment. It is among the least discussed and most consequential…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsAug 5, 2026
Fact

The Internal Combustion Engine

An engine in which fuel burns inside the working chamber, pushing a piston or turning a rotor directly. It displaced the steam engine because it is…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsAug 5, 2026
Fact

Bridges

Structures that carry a route across an obstacle. There are a small number of structural types, each resolving loads differently, and which is chosen…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsAug 5, 2026
Theory

Control Theory

The mathematics of making a system behave as intended by measuring what it is doing and acting on the difference from what is wanted. It is the…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsAug 4, 2026
Proven

The Carnot Cycle

An idealised sequence of four reversible steps that a heat engine could in principle follow, and which no real engine can beat. Its efficiency…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsAug 4, 2026
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