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DebunkedThe PolygraphThe instrument popularly called a lie detector, which records breathing, blood pressure, pulse and skin conductance dur…

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The library

Capsules

1,028 capsules, each one classified by the strength of its evidence.

All1,028Fact599Proven130Theory89Hypothesis71Contested90Debunked48
geography236biology88physics67history54medicine45astronomy33psychology26mathematics26chemistry20engineering20astrophysics19neuroscience19anthropology18art18
Filtered byProvenphysicsClear all

Results

Showing 1 to 20 of 46

NewestMost votedA to Z
Proven

The Carnot Cycle

An idealised sequence of four reversible steps that a heat engine could in principle follow, and which no real engine can beat. Its efficiency…

byCapsule
0 votes0 reviews
Aug 4, 2026
Proven

Surface Tension

The tendency of a liquid surface to contract to the smallest possible area, because a molecule at the surface has fewer neighbours to attract it than…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsAug 4, 2026
Proven

Diffraction

The spreading and bending of waves when they meet an obstacle or pass through an opening. It happens to all waves, it is the reason light does not…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsAug 4, 2026
Proven

Snell's Law

Light bends when it passes between materials, by an amount fixed by a simple ratio. The rule governs every lens, every fibre optic cable and the…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsAug 4, 2026
Proven

Electromagnetic Induction

A changing magnetic field produces an electric current. Michael Faraday demonstrated it in 1831, and essentially all the world's electricity is…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsAug 4, 2026
Proven

Archimedes' Principle

A body immersed in a fluid is pushed up by a force equal to the weight of the fluid it displaces. It explains why steel ships float, it is over two…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsAug 4, 2026
Proven

Satellite Navigation

Knowing where you are anywhere on Earth to within a few metres, by timing radio signals from satellites. It works because atomic clocks are…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsAug 3, 2026
Proven

X-rays

A form of light too energetic to see, discovered by accident in 1895, which passes through flesh and is stopped by bone. Within months it was in…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsAug 3, 2026
Proven

Non-Euclidean Geometry

For two thousand years one of Euclid's assumptions looked like it should be provable from the others. It is not. Denying it produces consistent…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsAug 3, 2026
Proven

The Fourier Transform

Any signal can be decomposed into a sum of pure sine waves of different frequencies. The claim was disbelieved when made, it is one of the most…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsAug 3, 2026
Proven

The Hall Effect

Pass a current through a conductor in a magnetic field and a voltage appears across it, perpendicular to both. Discovered by a graduate student in…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsAug 3, 2026
Proven

The Ideal Gas Law

One equation relating the pressure, volume, temperature and quantity of a gas. It is an approximation that no real gas obeys exactly, it is accurate…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsAug 3, 2026
Proven

Spectroscopy

Every element absorbs and emits light at a unique set of wavelengths. Reading those wavelengths identifies what something is made of without touching…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsAug 3, 2026
Proven

The Expansion of the Universe

Distant galaxies recede from us, and the further away they are the faster they go. The observation established that the universe has a history rather…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsAug 3, 2026
Proven

Nuclear Fission

Splitting a heavy nucleus releases about a hundred million times more energy per atom than a chemical reaction. It was discovered by accident in…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsAug 3, 2026
Proven

Rutherford Scattering

Firing alpha particles at gold foil and finding that a few bounced back. The result destroyed the prevailing model of the atom, established that…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsAug 3, 2026
Proven

The Laser

A device that produces light in which every wave is in step, travelling in one direction at one wavelength. It was built in 1960 with no application…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsAug 3, 2026
Proven

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

A way of photographing the inside of a living body in any plane, at high resolution, without ionising radiation, by making hydrogen nuclei resonate…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsAug 3, 2026
Proven

The Transistor

A device that lets a small electrical signal control a large one, with no moving parts, made from a crystal. It replaced the vacuum tube, made…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsAug 3, 2026
Proven

The Double-Slit Experiment

Send particles one at a time through two narrow openings and they build up a pattern that only waves can produce. Watch which opening each one goes…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsAug 3, 2026
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