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DebunkedThe PolygraphThe instrument popularly called a lie detector, which records breathing, blood pressure, pulse and skin conductance dur…

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The library

Capsules

1,028 capsules, each one classified by the strength of its evidence.

All1,028Fact599Proven130Theory89Hypothesis71Contested90Debunked48
geography236biology88physics67history54medicine45astronomy33psychology26mathematics26chemistry20engineering20astrophysics19neuroscience19anthropology18art18
Filtered byProvenClear all

Results

Showing 1 to 20 of 130

NewestMost votedA to Z
Proven

Tides

The periodic rise and fall of sea level caused by the gravitational pull of the Moon and Sun acting unequally across the Earth. The cause has been…

byCapsule
0 votes0 reviews
Aug 4, 2026
Proven

The Euclidean Algorithm

A procedure for finding the greatest common divisor of two whole numbers by repeatedly replacing the larger with its remainder on division by the…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsAug 4, 2026
Proven

Chirality

The property of an object that cannot be superimposed on its mirror image, as with a left and a right hand. In chemistry it applies to molecules, and…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsAug 4, 2026
Proven

The Carnot Cycle

An idealised sequence of four reversible steps that a heat engine could in principle follow, and which no real engine can beat. Its efficiency…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsAug 4, 2026
Proven

Electrolysis

Using an electric current to drive a chemical reaction that would not happen on its own. It is the reverse of a battery, and it is how aluminium,…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsAug 4, 2026
Proven

Surface Tension

The tendency of a liquid surface to contract to the smallest possible area, because a molecule at the surface has fewer neighbours to attract it than…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsAug 4, 2026
Proven

Diffraction

The spreading and bending of waves when they meet an obstacle or pass through an opening. It happens to all waves, it is the reason light does not…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsAug 4, 2026
Proven

Muscle Contraction

Muscle shortens because two sets of protein filaments slide past one another, driven by myosin heads that repeatedly attach to actin, pivot, and let…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsAug 4, 2026
Proven

Blood Clotting

The process that seals a damaged blood vessel, combining a physical plug of platelets with a mesh of fibrin produced by a cascade of enzymes. It has…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsAug 4, 2026
Proven

The Monty Hall Problem

A probability puzzle with a counterintuitive answer, made famous when thousands of people including professional mathematicians insisted publicly…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsAug 4, 2026
Proven

Cantor's Diagonal Argument

A proof that some infinities are larger than others. It is a few lines long, it requires nothing beyond counting, it was violently rejected when…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsAug 4, 2026
Proven

The Two-Hit Hypothesis

Cancer caused by loss of a tumour suppressor requires both copies of the gene to be knocked out. Alfred Knudson deduced this in 1971 from the…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsAug 4, 2026
Proven

The Krebs Cycle

The central sequence of reactions by which cells extract energy from food. It runs in nearly every organism that uses oxygen, it is the hub where the…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsAug 4, 2026
Proven

Snell's Law

Light bends when it passes between materials, by an amount fixed by a simple ratio. The rule governs every lens, every fibre optic cable and the…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsAug 4, 2026
Proven

Electromagnetic Induction

A changing magnetic field produces an electric current. Michael Faraday demonstrated it in 1831, and essentially all the world's electricity is…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsAug 4, 2026
Proven

Archimedes' Principle

A body immersed in a fluid is pushed up by a force equal to the weight of the fluid it displaces. It explains why steel ships float, it is over two…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsAug 4, 2026
Proven

The Blood-Brain Barrier

A selective barrier separating the brain's blood supply from its tissue, admitting what neurons need and excluding almost everything else. It…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsAug 4, 2026
Proven

The Cell Cycle

The ordered sequence a cell follows to duplicate itself, controlled by checkpoints that stop it proceeding until the previous stage is complete.…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsAug 4, 2026
Proven

Clonal Selection

The immune system generates enormous numbers of cells with randomly assembled receptors, and whichever happen to fit an invader are multiplied. It is…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsAug 3, 2026
Proven

Satellite Navigation

Knowing where you are anywhere on Earth to within a few metres, by timing radio signals from satellites. It works because atomic clocks are…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsAug 3, 2026
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