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DebunkedThe PolygraphThe instrument popularly called a lie detector, which records breathing, blood pressure, pulse and skin conductance dur…

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The library

Capsules

1,028 capsules, each one classified by the strength of its evidence.

All1,028Fact599Proven130Theory89Hypothesis71Contested90Debunked48
geography236biology88physics67history54medicine45astronomy33psychology26mathematics26chemistry20engineering20astrophysics19neuroscience19anthropology18art18
Filtered byphysicsClear all

Results

Showing 1 to 20 of 67

NewestMost votedA to Z
Fact

Timekeeping

Measuring the passage of time and dividing it into units. Every method works by counting something that repeats regularly, and the history of the…

byCapsule
0 votes0 reviews
Aug 5, 2026
Theory

The Nuclear Shell Model

The description of the atomic nucleus in which protons and neutrons occupy quantised energy levels, filling shells in the way electrons do in an…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsAug 4, 2026
Debunked

N-Rays

A form of radiation announced in 1903 by the French physicist Prosper-René Blondlot, investigated in dozens of laboratories, described in around…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsAug 4, 2026
Theory

BCS Theory

The microscopic explanation of superconductivity in conventional superconductors, published by John Bardeen, Leon Cooper and John Robert Schrieffer…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsAug 4, 2026
Proven

The Carnot Cycle

An idealised sequence of four reversible steps that a heat engine could in principle follow, and which no real engine can beat. Its efficiency…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsAug 4, 2026
Proven

Surface Tension

The tendency of a liquid surface to contract to the smallest possible area, because a molecule at the surface has fewer neighbours to attract it than…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsAug 4, 2026
Proven

Diffraction

The spreading and bending of waves when they meet an obstacle or pass through an opening. It happens to all waves, it is the reason light does not…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsAug 4, 2026
Proven

Snell's Law

Light bends when it passes between materials, by an amount fixed by a simple ratio. The rule governs every lens, every fibre optic cable and the…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsAug 4, 2026
Proven

Electromagnetic Induction

A changing magnetic field produces an electric current. Michael Faraday demonstrated it in 1831, and essentially all the world's electricity is…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsAug 4, 2026
Proven

Archimedes' Principle

A body immersed in a fluid is pushed up by a force equal to the weight of the fluid it displaces. It explains why steel ships float, it is over two…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsAug 4, 2026
Proven

X-rays

A form of light too energetic to see, discovered by accident in 1895, which passes through flesh and is stopped by bone. Within months it was in…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsAug 3, 2026
Proven

The Hall Effect

Pass a current through a conductor in a magnetic field and a voltage appears across it, perpendicular to both. Discovered by a graduate student in…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsAug 3, 2026
Proven

The Ideal Gas Law

One equation relating the pressure, volume, temperature and quantity of a gas. It is an approximation that no real gas obeys exactly, it is accurate…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsAug 3, 2026
Hypothesis

Loop Quantum Gravity

An attempt to make gravity quantum by quantising spacetime itself, producing a picture in which space is granular and area and volume come in…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsAug 3, 2026
Hypothesis

The Holographic Principle

The proposal that everything happening inside a region of space can be fully described by information stored on its boundary, so that a volume of…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsAug 3, 2026
Proven

Nuclear Fission

Splitting a heavy nucleus releases about a hundred million times more energy per atom than a chemical reaction. It was discovered by accident in…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsAug 3, 2026
Proven

Rutherford Scattering

Firing alpha particles at gold foil and finding that a few bounced back. The result destroyed the prevailing model of the atom, established that…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsAug 3, 2026
Proven

The Laser

A device that produces light in which every wave is in step, travelling in one direction at one wavelength. It was built in 1960 with no application…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsAug 3, 2026
Proven

The Double-Slit Experiment

Send particles one at a time through two narrow openings and they build up a pattern that only waves can produce. Watch which opening each one goes…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsAug 3, 2026
Proven

The Second Law of Thermodynamics

Heat does not flow from cold to hot by itself, and no engine converts heat entirely into work. The second law is the most secure statement in…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsAug 3, 2026
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