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DebunkedThe PolygraphThe instrument popularly called a lie detector, which records breathing, blood pressure, pulse and skin conductance dur…

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The library

Capsules

1,028 capsules, each one classified by the strength of its evidence.

All1,028Fact599Proven130Theory89Hypothesis71Contested90Debunked48
geography236biology88physics67history54medicine45astronomy33psychology26mathematics26chemistry20engineering20astrophysics19neuroscience19anthropology18art18
Filtered byphilosophyClear all

Results

Showing 1 to 20 of 25

NewestMost votedA to Z
philosophy
Fact

Ethics

The systematic study of how one ought to act. It asks what makes an action right, what makes a life good, and what grounds those judgements, and its…

byCapsule
0 votes0 reviews
literature
Fact

Literary Criticism

The study, interpretation and evaluation of literature. Its central question is what a text means and who decides, and the answers offered have…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
science
Fact

The Scientific Method

The set of practices by which scientific claims are tested against evidence. It is not a single fixed procedure, and its most important components…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
philosophy
Fact

Logic

The study of valid inference: which conclusions follow from which premises, and why. It is the shared foundation of philosophy, mathematics and…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
philosophy
Theory

Social Contract Theory

The family of arguments that political authority is justified by agreement among the governed rather than by divine appointment, natural hierarchy or…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
neuroscience
Hypothesis

Integrated Information Theory

Giulio Tononi's proposal that consciousness is integrated information, quantifiable as a number called phi, and present wherever that number is above…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
neuroscience
Hypothesis

The Free Energy Principle

Karl Friston's proposal that everything a brain does, and arguably everything any self-organising system does, can be described as minimising a…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
astrobiology
Hypothesis

The Zoo Hypothesis

The proposal that extraterrestrial civilisations exist, know we are here, and are deliberately not making contact. It is among the oldest proposed…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
astrobiology
Hypothesis

The Great Filter

If the universe should be full of civilisations and appears empty, something must be preventing them. Robin Hanson's proposal is that at least one…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
media studies
Theory

The Medium Is the Message

Marshall McLuhan's claim that a communication technology's effects come from the technology itself rather than from what is transmitted through it.…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
religion
Contested

The Axial Age

The claim that between roughly 800 and 200 BC, several unconnected civilisations independently produced a similar transformation in religious and…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
literature
Theory

The Death of the Author

Roland Barthes argued in 1967 that a text's meaning is not fixed by what its writer intended, and that criticism organised around the author's…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
anthropology
Contested

Cultural Relativism

Cultural relativism is the principle that a culture should be understood on its own terms rather than judged against the standards of another. It…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
sociology
Theory

The Social Construction of Reality

The social construction of reality is the thesis that much of what people treat as simply given about the world is in fact produced and sustained by…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
law
Contested

Natural Law and Legal Positivism

The central question in the philosophy of law is whether an unjust law is still law. Natural law theory says that at some point it is not: law and…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
philosophy
Contested

The Problem of Induction

The problem of induction is the observation that no amount of evidence logically guarantees a general conclusion. That the sun has risen every day so…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
philosophy
Contested

The Ship of Theseus

The ship of Theseus is a puzzle about identity over time. If every plank of a ship is replaced, one at a time, until no original material remains, is…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
computer science
Contested

The Turing Test

The Turing test is a proposal, made by Alan Turing in 1950, for sidestepping the question of whether a machine can think. Rather than defining…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
philosophy
Fact· Historical

Confucius

Confucius (551 to 479 BC) was a Chinese philosopher and teacher whose ideas about ethics, family, and good government shaped Chinese civilization for…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
philosophy
Fact· Historical

Aristotle

Aristotle (384 to 322 BC) was an ancient Greek philosopher and scientist whose work shaped Western thought for two thousand years. He wrote on an…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
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