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DebunkedThe PolygraphThe instrument popularly called a lie detector, which records breathing, blood pressure, pulse and skin conductance dur…

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The library

Capsules

1,028 capsules, each one classified by the strength of its evidence.

All1,028Fact599Proven130Theory89Hypothesis71Contested90Debunked48
geography236biology88physics67history54medicine45astronomy33psychology26mathematics26chemistry20engineering20astrophysics19neuroscience19anthropology18art18
Filtered bycellsClear all

Results

Showing 1 to 17 of 17

NewestMost votedA to Z
Fact

Gene Regulation

The control of which genes are expressed, when, and how strongly. Every cell in an organism carries the same genome, so what distinguishes a neuron…

byCapsule
0 votes0 reviews
Aug 5, 2026
Fact

Cell Membranes

The boundary enclosing every cell, formed from a double layer of lipid molecules with proteins embedded in it. It defines what is inside the cell,…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsAug 5, 2026
Fact

Archaea

A domain of single-celled organisms distinct from both bacteria and eukaryotes. Their recognition as a separate branch of life in 1977 restructured…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsAug 5, 2026
Fact

Metabolism

The complete set of chemical reactions that sustain a living organism. It extracts energy from the environment, builds and maintains structures, and…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsAug 5, 2026
Fact

The Ribosome

The molecular machine that reads genetic messages and builds proteins from them. It is present in every living cell, it is largely made of RNA rather…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsAug 5, 2026
Fact

RNA

Ribonucleic acid, a molecule closely related to DNA that carries genetic messages, performs chemical work, and regulates which genes are used. It was…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsAug 5, 2026
Fact

Bacteria

Single-celled organisms without a nucleus, present in essentially every environment on Earth, and vastly outnumbering all other forms of life. A…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsAug 5, 2026
Fact

Proteins

The molecules that carry out most of the work in a cell. They are built from a common set of twenty amino acids, and what each one does is determined…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsAug 5, 2026
Fact

Chromosomes

The structures into which the DNA of a cell is packaged. They are how an organism's genetic material is organised, divided accurately between…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsAug 5, 2026
Fact

The Neuron

The cell type that carries and processes signals in the nervous system. Neurons are electrically excitable, connect to one another at junctions…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsAug 5, 2026
Proven

Muscle Contraction

Muscle shortens because two sets of protein filaments slide past one another, driven by myosin heads that repeatedly attach to actin, pivot, and let…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsAug 4, 2026
Proven

The Cell Cycle

The ordered sequence a cell follows to duplicate itself, controlled by checkpoints that stop it proceeding until the previous stage is complete.…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsAug 4, 2026
Proven

Apoptosis

Cells kill themselves on instruction, following a controlled programme that dismantles them tidily. It builds bodies by removing what is not needed,…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsAug 3, 2026
Proven

DNA Replication

Copying a genome of three billion letters, at a final error rate of about one in a billion, in a few hours, every time a cell divides. The mechanism…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsAug 3, 2026
Hypothesis

Viral Eukaryogenesis

The proposal that the cell nucleus originated as a large DNA virus that took up permanent residence in an ancestral cell. It is a minority position…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsAug 3, 2026
Proven

Osmosis

Water moves across a membrane from where solutes are dilute to where they are concentrated. It requires no pump and no energy input, it generates…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsAug 3, 2026
Proven

Meiosis

The cell division that halves the chromosome number and shuffles the genome at the same time. It is the reason sexual reproduction produces…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsAug 3, 2026