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DebunkedThe PolygraphThe instrument popularly called a lie detector, which records breathing, blood pressure, pulse and skin conductance dur…

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The library

Capsules

1,028 capsules, each one classified by the strength of its evidence.

All1,028Fact599Proven130Theory89Hypothesis71Contested90Debunked48
geography236biology88physics67history54medicine45astronomy33psychology26mathematics26chemistry20engineering20astrophysics19neuroscience19anthropology18art18
Filtered byProvenphysicsClear all

Results

Showing 1 to 20 of 30

NewestMost votedA to Z
physics
Proven

The Carnot Cycle

An idealised sequence of four reversible steps that a heat engine could in principle follow, and which no real engine can beat. Its efficiency…

byCapsule
0 votes0 reviews
physics
Proven

Surface Tension

The tendency of a liquid surface to contract to the smallest possible area, because a molecule at the surface has fewer neighbours to attract it than…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
physics
Proven

Diffraction

The spreading and bending of waves when they meet an obstacle or pass through an opening. It happens to all waves, it is the reason light does not…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
physics
Proven

Snell's Law

Light bends when it passes between materials, by an amount fixed by a simple ratio. The rule governs every lens, every fibre optic cable and the…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
physics
Proven

Electromagnetic Induction

A changing magnetic field produces an electric current. Michael Faraday demonstrated it in 1831, and essentially all the world's electricity is…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
physics
Proven

Archimedes' Principle

A body immersed in a fluid is pushed up by a force equal to the weight of the fluid it displaces. It explains why steel ships float, it is over two…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
physics
Proven

X-rays

A form of light too energetic to see, discovered by accident in 1895, which passes through flesh and is stopped by bone. Within months it was in…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
physics
Proven

The Hall Effect

Pass a current through a conductor in a magnetic field and a voltage appears across it, perpendicular to both. Discovered by a graduate student in…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
physics
Proven

The Ideal Gas Law

One equation relating the pressure, volume, temperature and quantity of a gas. It is an approximation that no real gas obeys exactly, it is accurate…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
physics
Proven

Nuclear Fission

Splitting a heavy nucleus releases about a hundred million times more energy per atom than a chemical reaction. It was discovered by accident in…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
physics
Proven

Rutherford Scattering

Firing alpha particles at gold foil and finding that a few bounced back. The result destroyed the prevailing model of the atom, established that…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
physics
Proven

The Laser

A device that produces light in which every wave is in step, travelling in one direction at one wavelength. It was built in 1960 with no application…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
physics
Proven

The Double-Slit Experiment

Send particles one at a time through two narrow openings and they build up a pattern that only waves can produce. Watch which opening each one goes…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
physics
Proven

The Second Law of Thermodynamics

Heat does not flow from cold to hot by itself, and no engine converts heat entirely into work. The second law is the most secure statement in…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
physics
Proven

Neutrino Oscillation

Neutrinos change identity as they travel, converting between three types. The discovery resolved a thirty-year discrepancy in measurements of the Sun…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
physics
Proven

The Michelson-Morley Experiment

In 1887 two men in a basement in Cleveland tried to measure the Earth's motion through the medium light was assumed to travel in. They found nothing.…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
physics
Proven· Replicated

Ohm's Law

Ohm's law is the basic rule governing electric circuits. It states that the current flowing through a conductor is directly proportional to the…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
physics
Proven· Replicated

Conservation of Momentum

Conservation of momentum is one of the most fundamental and reliable laws in all of physics. Momentum, the product of an object's mass and its…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
physics
Proven· Replicated

The Equivalence of Mass and Energy

Mass and energy are two forms of the same thing. This is the meaning of the most famous equation in science, which states that the energy contained…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
physics
Proven· Replicated

Radioactive Decay

Radioactive decay is the process by which unstable atomic nuclei spontaneously break down, releasing energy and particles and transforming into other…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
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