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DebunkedThe PolygraphThe instrument popularly called a lie detector, which records breathing, blood pressure, pulse and skin conductance dur…

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The library

Capsules

1,028 capsules, each one classified by the strength of its evidence.

All1,028Fact599Proven130Theory89Hypothesis71Contested90Debunked48
geography236biology88physics67history54medicine45astronomy33psychology26mathematics26chemistry20engineering20astrophysics19neuroscience19anthropology18art18
Filtered bysocietyClear all

Results

Showing 1 to 20 of 24

NewestMost votedA to Z
urban planning
Fact

Housing

Dwellings and the systems producing and allocating them. Housing is simultaneously shelter, the largest household expense in most countries, and the…

byCapsule
0 votes0 reviews
religion
Fact

Religious Festivals

Recurring celebrations marking events in a religious calendar. They structure time, transmit tradition, and are among the most widely observed…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
philosophy
Fact

Ethics

The systematic study of how one ought to act. It asks what makes an action right, what makes a life good, and what grounds those judgements, and its…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
criminology
Fact

Organised Crime

Criminal activity carried out by durable groups organised for profit. It differs from individual offending in being structured, continuing beyond its…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
education
Fact

Examinations

Formal tests used to assess knowledge or ability, generally to certify attainment or to select. They are far older than modern schooling, they…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
anthropology
Fact

Taboo

A prohibition so strong that violating it provokes disgust or horror rather than merely disapproval. Taboos are found in every society, they are…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
sociology
Fact

The Family

A group of people related by descent, marriage or adoption, and the primary unit through which children are raised and property transmitted in most…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
criminology
Fact

Policing

The organised enforcement of law and maintenance of public order by a body authorised by the state. Professional police forces are a nineteenth…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
anthropology
Fact

Gift Exchange

The transfer of objects as gifts rather than as trade, governed by obligations to give, to receive and to reciprocate. It is a distinct economic…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
sociology
Fact

Social Class

Divisions within a society based on economic position, occupation, education and status. How class should be defined has been argued about for as…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
religion
Fact

Monasticism

The practice of withdrawing from ordinary society to live under religious discipline, usually in community and usually under vows. It arose…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
education
Fact

Numeracy

The ability to understand and work with numbers in practical situations. It is distinct from mathematical education, it is measured internationally,…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
criminology
Fact

Prisons

Institutions in which people are confined as punishment. Imprisonment as the standard penalty for serious crime is a comparatively recent invention,…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
anthropology
Fact

Rites of Passage

Ceremonies marking a person's movement from one social position to another. They appear in every documented society, and they share a three-part…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
media studies
Fact

Journalism

The gathering, verification and publication of information about current events. It is defined less by its subject than by its method, and the…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
education
Fact

Literacy

The ability to read and write. It is a comparatively recent condition for most of humanity, it was achieved unevenly and rapidly, and it changes the…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
medicine
Hypothesis

The Social Defeat Hypothesis of Psychosis

The proposal that chronic experience of being excluded or subordinated raises the risk of psychosis, by sensitising the brain's dopamine system. It…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
anthropology
Hypothesis

The Social Brain Hypothesis

The proposal that primate brains grew large to manage social relationships rather than to solve ecological problems, and that the size of a species'…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
psychology
Contested

The Flynn Effect

Average scores on intelligence tests rose steadily throughout the twentieth century, by roughly three points per decade in the countries with long…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
criminology
Contested

The Great Crime Decline

Violent crime fell steeply across most of the developed world from the early 1990s, in some countries by more than half. The fall is one of the best…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
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