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DebunkedThe PolygraphThe instrument popularly called a lie detector, which records breathing, blood pressure, pulse and skin conductance dur…

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The library

Capsules

1,028 capsules, each one classified by the strength of its evidence.

All1,028Fact599Proven130Theory89Hypothesis71Contested90Debunked48
geography236biology88physics67history54medicine45astronomy33psychology26mathematics26chemistry20engineering20astrophysics19neuroscience19anthropology18art18
Filtered byastronomyClear all

Results

Showing 1 to 20 of 58

NewestMost votedA to Z
Fact

Galaxies

Gravitationally bound systems of stars, gas, dust and dark matter. They are the units in which the visible matter of the universe is organised, and…

byCapsule
0 votes0 reviews
Aug 5, 2026
Fact

Supernovae

The explosive destruction of a star, briefly outshining an entire galaxy. Supernovae produce and disperse most of the heavy elements, they trigger…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsAug 5, 2026
Fact

The Habitable Zone

The range of distances from a star within which a planet could hold liquid water on its surface. It is the standard first filter in the search for…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsAug 5, 2026
Theory

Milankovitch Cycles

The proposal that ice ages are paced by slow, predictable variations in Earth's orbit and axial orientation, which redistribute sunlight across…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsAug 4, 2026
Contested

Interstellar Objects

Bodies that formed around other stars and are passing through our solar system on unbound trajectories. Three have been found, the first in 2017 and…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsAug 4, 2026
Debunked

The Planet Vulcan

A planet proposed to orbit between Mercury and the Sun, invoked to explain an anomaly in Mercury's orbit, searched for over half a century, and shown…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsAug 4, 2026
Proven

Tides

The periodic rise and fall of sea level caused by the gravitational pull of the Moon and Sun acting unequally across the Earth. The cause has been…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsAug 4, 2026
Hypothesis

The Late Heavy Bombardment

The proposal that the inner solar system was struck by a sudden surge of impacts around 3.9 billion years ago, hundreds of millions of years after…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsAug 3, 2026
Hypothesis

The Faint Young Sun Paradox

The Sun was about thirty percent dimmer when the Earth was young, which should have left the planet frozen solid. The geological record shows liquid…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsAug 3, 2026
Hypothesis

The Giant-Impact Hypothesis

The proposal that the Moon formed from debris thrown off when a Mars-sized body struck the early Earth. It is the standard account, it explains most…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsAug 3, 2026
Proven

Spectroscopy

Every element absorbs and emits light at a unique set of wavelengths. Reading those wavelengths identifies what something is made of without touching…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsAug 3, 2026
Proven

The Expansion of the Universe

Distant galaxies recede from us, and the further away they are the faster they go. The observation established that the universe has a history rather…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsAug 3, 2026
Proven

Neutrino Oscillation

Neutrinos change identity as they travel, converting between three types. The discovery resolved a thirty-year discrepancy in measurements of the Sun…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsAug 3, 2026
Fact· Empirical

The Planets of the Solar System

The Solar System is the Sun together with everything held in orbit around it by gravity: eight planets and their moons, several dwarf planets, and…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsJun 25, 2026
Theory· Scientific

Stellar Nucleosynthesis

Stellar nucleosynthesis is the theory explaining where the chemical elements come from. It holds that the stars are the furnaces in which almost all…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsJun 20, 2026
Theory· Scientific

The Formation of the Solar System

The nebular hypothesis is the accepted scientific theory of how the Sun and its planets formed. It holds that the entire Solar System condensed,…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsJun 20, 2026
Proven· Replicated

Black Holes

A black hole is a region of space where gravity is so intense that nothing, not even light, can escape from within it. Once a purely theoretical…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsJun 19, 2026
Proven· Replicated

The Spherical Earth

That the Earth is a sphere, very slightly flattened at the poles, is one of the most thoroughly established facts in all of science. It has been…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsJun 19, 2026
Fact· Historical

The James Webb Space Telescope

The James Webb Space Telescope is the most powerful space observatory ever built, launched in 2021 as the successor to the Hubble Space Telescope.…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsJun 12, 2026
Fact· Historical

Carl Sagan

Carl Sagan (1934 to 1996) was an American astronomer and science communicator who did more than almost anyone to bring the wonder of the cosmos to…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsJun 12, 2026
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