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DebunkedThe PolygraphThe instrument popularly called a lie detector, which records breathing, blood pressure, pulse and skin conductance dur…

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The library

Capsules

1,028 capsules, each one classified by the strength of its evidence.

All1,028Fact599Proven130Theory89Hypothesis71Contested90Debunked48
geography236biology88physics67history54medicine45astronomy33psychology26mathematics26chemistry20engineering20astrophysics19neuroscience19anthropology18art18
Filtered byneuroscienceneuroscienceClear all

Results

Showing 1 to 19 of 19

NewestMost votedA to Z
Fact

The Cerebral Cortex

The outer layer of the cerebrum, a sheet of neurons a few millimetres thick folded to fit inside the skull. It performs the processing associated…

byCapsule
0 votes0 reviews
Aug 5, 2026
Fact

Brain Imaging

Techniques for observing the structure and activity of a living brain without opening the skull. They transformed both clinical neurology and the…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsAug 5, 2026
Fact

Neurotransmitters

The chemicals nerve cells use to signal to one another across synapses. They are the point at which the nervous system becomes chemical rather than…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsAug 5, 2026
Fact

The Neuron

The cell type that carries and processes signals in the nervous system. Neurons are electrically excitable, connect to one another at junctions…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsAug 5, 2026
Contested

Why We Sleep

Sleep is universal among animals with nervous systems, is regulated with precision, and is fatal to eliminate. What it is for remains unresolved, and…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsAug 4, 2026
Debunked

The Ten Percent of the Brain Myth

The claim that human beings use only about ten per cent of their brains, and that the remainder is untapped potential. Every method of examining the…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsAug 4, 2026
Proven

The Blood-Brain Barrier

A selective barrier separating the brain's blood supply from its tissue, admitting what neurons need and excluding almost everything else. It…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsAug 4, 2026
Proven

Long-Term Potentiation

A brief burst of activity at a synapse can strengthen it for hours, days or longer. It is the best-supported cellular mechanism for learning, it was…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsAug 3, 2026
Proven

Colour Vision

Colour is not a property of light. It is what the visual system computes from the responses of three receptor types, and the computation is what…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsAug 3, 2026
Hypothesis

Integrated Information Theory

Giulio Tononi's proposal that consciousness is integrated information, quantifiable as a number called phi, and present wherever that number is above…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsAug 3, 2026
Hypothesis

The Free Energy Principle

Karl Friston's proposal that everything a brain does, and arguably everything any self-organising system does, can be described as minimising a…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsAug 3, 2026
Hypothesis

The Glymphatic System

The proposal that the brain flushes waste through a network of fluid-filled channels, and that the flushing happens mainly during sleep. It was…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsAug 3, 2026
Proven

The McGurk Effect

Watch a face saying one syllable while hearing another, and you perceive a third that was never present in either. Speech perception turns out to be…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsAug 3, 2026
Proven

The Action Potential

The electrical pulse a nerve cell uses to signal. It is the unit of communication in every nervous system, its mechanism is understood in…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsAug 3, 2026
Theory

Neuroplasticity

Neuroplasticity is the brain's capacity to change its structure and function in response to experience, injury, and learning. It overturned a…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsAug 3, 2026
Debunked

The Left-Brain, Right-Brain Myth

The idea that people are left-brained and therefore logical, or right-brained and therefore creative, is one of the most widely believed claims about…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsAug 3, 2026
Contested

Mirror Neurons

Mirror neurons are cells that fire both when an animal performs an action and when it observes the same action performed by another. They were…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsAug 3, 2026
Debunked

Phrenology

Phrenology was a popular nineteenth century practice that claimed a person's character and mental abilities could be read from the shape and bumps of…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsApr 22, 2026
Contested

The Hard Problem of Consciousness

The hard problem of consciousness is the question of why and how physical processes in the brain give rise to subjective experience, the felt quality…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsApr 20, 2026