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DebunkedThe PolygraphThe instrument popularly called a lie detector, which records breathing, blood pressure, pulse and skin conductance dur…

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The library

Capsules

1,028 capsules, each one classified by the strength of its evidence.

All1,028Fact599Proven130Theory89Hypothesis71Contested90Debunked48
geography236biology88physics67history54medicine45astronomy33psychology26mathematics26chemistry20engineering20astrophysics19neuroscience19anthropology18art18
Filtered byTheoryClear all

Results

Showing 21 to 40 of 89

NewestMost votedA to Z
religion
Theory

The Documentary Hypothesis

The first five books of the Hebrew Bible read as though several documents were combined by an editor, and the documentary hypothesis is the attempt…

byCapsule
0 votes0 reviews
literature
Theory

The Death of the Author

Roland Barthes argued in 1967 that a text's meaning is not fixed by what its writer intended, and that criticism organised around the author's…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
music
Theory

Equal Temperament

Every note on a modern piano is slightly out of tune, deliberately and by a known amount. Equal temperament divides the octave into twelve identical…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
molecular biology
Theory

Protein Folding

A protein is manufactured as a linear chain of amino acids and only works once it has folded into a specific three-dimensional shape. How the chain…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
molecular biology
Theory

The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology

The central dogma states that sequence information flows from nucleic acid to protein, and never back out of a protein into nucleic acid. Francis…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
political science
Theory· Mathematical

The Median Voter Theorem

The median voter theorem states that under certain conditions, a majority-rule election between two candidates will be won by the position preferred…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
political science
Theory· Scientific

Duverger's Law

Duverger's law states that an electoral system in which the single candidate with the most votes wins each district tends to produce two dominant…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
neuroscience
Theory

Neuroplasticity

Neuroplasticity is the brain's capacity to change its structure and function in response to experience, injury, and learning. It overturned a…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
ecology
Theory· Scientific

Keystone Species

A keystone species is one whose effect on its ecosystem is disproportionately large relative to its abundance. The concept reorganised how ecologists…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
materials science
Theory· Scientific

Metamaterials

A metamaterial gets its properties from its structure rather than its chemistry. By arranging elements smaller than the wavelength of the wave…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
immunology
Theory· Scientific

Autoimmunity

Autoimmunity is the immune system attacking the body it belongs to. Around a hundred distinct autoimmune conditions are recognised, together…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
immunology
Theory

Herd Immunity

Herd immunity is the protection an unvaccinated person receives when enough of the people around them are immune that a chain of transmission cannot…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
climate science
Theory· Scientific

Extreme Event Attribution

Extreme event attribution is the field that answers the question people ask after every flood, heatwave, and storm: did climate change cause this?…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
genetics
Theory· Scientific

Horizontal Gene Transfer

Horizontal gene transfer is the movement of genetic material between organisms by means other than parent to offspring. It is ordinary among…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
genetics
Theory· Scientific

Epigenetics

Epigenetics is the study of changes in how genes are used that do not involve changes to the DNA sequence itself. Every cell in a body carries the…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
archaeology
Theory

Stratigraphy

Stratigraphy is the study of layers, and the principle that where deposits lie undisturbed the lower ones were laid down before the upper ones. It…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
anthropology
Theory

Kinship Systems

Kinship is the study of how societies organise relatedness, and it was for a long time the central preoccupation of anthropology. The finding that…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
sociology
Theory

Anomie

Anomie is the condition of a society whose norms have weakened or become unclear, leaving individuals without adequate guidance about what to want or…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
sociology
Theory

The Social Construction of Reality

The social construction of reality is the thesis that much of what people treat as simply given about the world is in fact produced and sustained by…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
law
Theory

The Rule of Law

The rule of law is the principle that everyone, including those who govern, is subject to law, and that power is exercised through known general…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
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