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Capsule of the Day

DebunkedThe PolygraphThe instrument popularly called a lie detector, which records breathing, blood pressure, pulse and skin conductance dur…

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The library

Capsules

1,028 capsules, each one classified by the strength of its evidence.

All1,028Fact599Proven130Theory89Hypothesis71Contested90Debunked48
geography236biology88physics67history54medicine45astronomy33psychology26mathematics26chemistry20engineering20astrophysics19neuroscience19anthropology18art18
Filtered byProvenClear all

Results

Showing 61 to 80 of 130

NewestMost votedA to Z
physics
Proven

Neutrino Oscillation

Neutrinos change identity as they travel, converting between three types. The discovery resolved a thirty-year discrepancy in measurements of the Sun…

byCapsule
0 votes0 reviews
chemistry
Proven

X-ray Crystallography

A technique for determining the arrangement of atoms in a solid by firing X-rays at a crystal and reading the pattern they scatter into. It has…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
physics
Proven

The Michelson-Morley Experiment

In 1887 two men in a basement in Cleveland tried to measure the Earth's motion through the medium light was assumed to travel in. They found nothing.…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
urban planning
Proven

Induced Demand

Adding road capacity generates additional traffic that fills it, so congestion returns to roughly its previous level. The effect is well measured, it…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
film
Proven

The Kuleshov Effect

Two shots placed next to each other produce a meaning that neither contains. Lev Kuleshov demonstrated it around 1918, and it is the reason film…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
oceanography
Proven

Ocean Acidification

The ocean absorbs roughly a quarter of the carbon dioxide released by human activity, and dissolved carbon dioxide makes seawater more acidic. The…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
oceanography
Proven

Thermohaline Circulation

A global system of deep ocean currents driven by differences in water density, which itself depends on temperature and salinity. It moves heat around…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
paleontology
Proven

Transitional Fossils

A transitional fossil shows a mixture of features from an ancestral group and a descendant one. Their absence was Darwin's own stated difficulty with…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
paleontology
Proven

Feathered Dinosaurs

Birds are dinosaurs. The claim was regarded as fringe for most of the twentieth century, and it is now among the best supported conclusions in…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
quantum physics
Proven

Quantum Tunnelling

A particle can pass through a barrier it does not have enough energy to climb. This has no classical analogue, it is measured routinely, and it is…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
quantum physics
Proven

Quantum Entanglement

Two particles can be prepared in a joint state where neither has a definite property of its own, and measuring one immediately fixes the…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
statistics
Proven· Mathematical Proof

Regression to the Mean

Regression to the mean is the tendency for an extreme measurement to be followed by one closer to average, for no reason other than that extremes…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
statistics
Proven· Mathematical Proof

Simpson's Paradox

Simpson's paradox is the phenomenon in which a trend appears in several groups of data and reverses when the groups are combined. It is not a…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
materials science
Proven· Replicated

Semiconductor Doping

Doping is the deliberate introduction of impurities into a semiconductor in order to control its electrical behaviour. Every transistor, and…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
materials science
Proven· Replicated

Shape-Memory Alloys

A shape-memory alloy is a metal that returns to a remembered shape when heated, having been deformed while cool. The effect looks like a trick and is…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
immunology
Proven· Replicated

Immunological Memory

Immunological memory is the reason surviving a disease usually protects against getting it again, and the reason vaccination works at all. It is…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
genetics
Proven· Replicated

CRISPR Gene Editing

CRISPR is a method for cutting DNA at a chosen location, which makes editing a genome a routine laboratory procedure rather than a specialist feat.…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
archaeology
Proven· Replicated

Radiocarbon Dating

Radiocarbon dating measures how much carbon-14 remains in something that was once alive, and converts that into an age. Developed by Willard Libby in…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
computer science
Proven· Mathematical Proof

Public-Key Cryptography

Public-key cryptography is the method that allows two parties who have never met, and who are communicating over a channel anyone can read, to…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
computer science
Proven· Mathematical Proof

The Halting Problem

The halting problem asks whether it is possible to write a program that can examine any other program, together with its input, and reliably decide…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
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