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DebunkedThe PolygraphThe instrument popularly called a lie detector, which records breathing, blood pressure, pulse and skin conductance dur…

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The library

Capsules

1,028 capsules, each one classified by the strength of its evidence.

All1,028Fact599Proven130Theory89Hypothesis71Contested90Debunked48
geography236biology88physics67history54medicine45astronomy33psychology26mathematics26chemistry20engineering20astrophysics19neuroscience19anthropology18art18
Filtered byProvenClear all

Results

Showing 41 to 60 of 130

NewestMost votedA to Z
physics
Proven

Nuclear Fission

Splitting a heavy nucleus releases about a hundred million times more energy per atom than a chemical reaction. It was discovered by accident in…

byCapsule
0 votes0 reviews
physics
Proven

Rutherford Scattering

Firing alpha particles at gold foil and finding that a few bounced back. The result destroyed the prevailing model of the atom, established that…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
biology
Proven

Osmosis

Water moves across a membrane from where solutes are dilute to where they are concentrated. It requires no pump and no energy input, it generates…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
biochemistry
Proven

Enzyme Catalysis

Enzymes speed up chemical reactions by factors that reach ten to the power of seventeen, at body temperature and neutral pH, without being consumed.…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
physics
Proven

The Laser

A device that produces light in which every wave is in step, travelling in one direction at one wavelength. It was built in 1960 with no application…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
biology
Proven

Meiosis

The cell division that halves the chromosome number and shuffles the genome at the same time. It is the reason sexual reproduction produces…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
medicine
Proven

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

A way of photographing the inside of a living body in any plane, at high resolution, without ionising radiation, by making hydrogen nuclei resonate…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
engineering
Proven

The Transistor

A device that lets a small electrical signal control a large one, with no moving parts, made from a crystal. It replaced the vacuum tube, made…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
neuroscience
Proven

The McGurk Effect

Watch a face saying one syllable while hearing another, and you perceive a third that was never present in either. Speech perception turns out to be…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
genetics
Proven

The Hardy-Weinberg Principle

In a large population with random mating and nothing else happening, gene frequencies do not change from one generation to the next. It sounds like a…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
medicine
Proven

The Randomised Controlled Trial

Assign people to treatments by chance, and the groups differ only by chance. It is a simple idea, it is the most reliable method medicine has for…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
geology
Proven

Geomagnetic Reversal

The Earth's magnetic field has flipped hundreds of times, north becoming south and back. The record of those reversals is frozen into the ocean…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
psychology
Proven

The Stroop Effect

Naming the colour a word is printed in becomes markedly harder when the word itself names a different colour. The delay is a few hundred…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
physics
Proven

The Double-Slit Experiment

Send particles one at a time through two narrow openings and they build up a pattern that only waves can produce. Watch which opening each one goes…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
medicine
Proven

The Circulation of the Blood

William Harvey demonstrated in 1628 that blood circulates in a closed loop driven by the heart. He proved it by measurement, against a doctrine that…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
medicine
Proven

General Anaesthesia

Surgery without pain, without memory, and without movement, produced reliably millions of times a year. That it works is beyond question. How it…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
biology
Proven

Sexual Selection

Darwin's second theory, proposed to explain traits that natural selection could not: peacock tails, antlers, birdsong, and every ornament that costs…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
biology
Proven

Convergent Evolution

Unrelated lineages repeatedly arrive at the same solution. Eyes, wings, flight, venom and photosynthesis have each evolved independently many times,…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
neuroscience
Proven

The Action Potential

The electrical pulse a nerve cell uses to signal. It is the unit of communication in every nervous system, its mechanism is understood in…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
physics
Proven

The Second Law of Thermodynamics

Heat does not flow from cold to hot by itself, and no engine converts heat entirely into work. The second law is the most secure statement in…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
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