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DebunkedThe PolygraphThe instrument popularly called a lie detector, which records breathing, blood pressure, pulse and skin conductance dur…

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The library

Capsules

1,028 capsules, each one classified by the strength of its evidence.

All1,028Fact599Proven130Theory89Hypothesis71Contested90Debunked48
geography236biology88physics67history54medicine45astronomy33psychology26mathematics26chemistry20engineering20astrophysics19neuroscience19anthropology18art18
Filtered byProvenmedicineClear all

Results

Showing 1 to 20 of 26

NewestMost votedA to Z
Proven

Blood Clotting

The process that seals a damaged blood vessel, combining a physical plug of platelets with a mesh of fibrin produced by a cascade of enzymes. It has…

byCapsule
0 votes0 reviews
Aug 4, 2026
Proven

The Two-Hit Hypothesis

Cancer caused by loss of a tumour suppressor requires both copies of the gene to be knocked out. Alfred Knudson deduced this in 1971 from the…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsAug 4, 2026
Proven

The Blood-Brain Barrier

A selective barrier separating the brain's blood supply from its tissue, admitting what neurons need and excluding almost everything else. It…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsAug 4, 2026
Proven

Clonal Selection

The immune system generates enormous numbers of cells with randomly assembled receptors, and whichever happen to fit an invader are multiplied. It is…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsAug 3, 2026
Proven

X-rays

A form of light too energetic to see, discovered by accident in 1895, which passes through flesh and is stopped by bone. Within months it was in…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsAug 3, 2026
Proven

Apoptosis

Cells kill themselves on instruction, following a controlled programme that dismantles them tidily. It builds bodies by removing what is not needed,…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsAug 3, 2026
Proven

The Polymerase Chain Reaction

A method for making billions of copies of a chosen stretch of DNA from a starting sample too small to work with. It made genetic testing, forensic…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsAug 3, 2026
Proven

Pasteurisation

Heating a liquid to a controlled temperature for a controlled time kills enough pathogens to make it safe without destroying it. It is among the most…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsAug 3, 2026
Proven

Semmelweis and Handwashing

A Hungarian obstetrician worked out in 1847 that doctors were killing women in childbirth by carrying something on their hands from the dissection…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsAug 3, 2026
Proven

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

A way of photographing the inside of a living body in any plane, at high resolution, without ionising radiation, by making hydrogen nuclei resonate…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsAug 3, 2026
Proven

The Randomised Controlled Trial

Assign people to treatments by chance, and the groups differ only by chance. It is a simple idea, it is the most reliable method medicine has for…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsAug 3, 2026
Proven

The Circulation of the Blood

William Harvey demonstrated in 1628 that blood circulates in a closed loop driven by the heart. He proved it by measurement, against a doctrine that…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsAug 3, 2026
Proven

General Anaesthesia

Surgery without pain, without memory, and without movement, produced reliably millions of times a year. That it works is beyond question. How it…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsAug 3, 2026
Proven· Replicated

Shape-Memory Alloys

A shape-memory alloy is a metal that returns to a remembered shape when heated, having been deformed while cool. The effect looks like a trick and is…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsAug 3, 2026
Proven· Replicated

Immunological Memory

Immunological memory is the reason surviving a disease usually protects against getting it again, and the reason vaccination works at all. It is…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsAug 3, 2026
Proven· Replicated

CRISPR Gene Editing

CRISPR is a method for cutting DNA at a chosen location, which makes editing a genome a routine laboratory procedure rather than a specialist feat.…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsAug 3, 2026
Proven· Replicated

HIV Causes AIDS

It is established beyond reasonable doubt that AIDS, the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, is caused by infection with HIV, the human…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsJun 22, 2026
Proven· Replicated

Antibiotic Resistance

Antibiotic resistance is the ability of bacteria to survive the drugs designed to kill them. It is one of the most direct and observable examples of…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsJun 20, 2026
Proven· Replicated

The Eradication of Smallpox

Smallpox was one of the deadliest diseases in human history, killing hundreds of millions of people over thousands of years. In 1980 the World Health…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsJun 20, 2026
Proven· Clinical

mRNA Vaccines

mRNA vaccines are a new type of vaccine that teaches the body to fight a disease by delivering genetic instructions rather than a weakened or…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsJun 12, 2026
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