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DebunkedThe PolygraphThe instrument popularly called a lie detector, which records breathing, blood pressure, pulse and skin conductance dur…

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The library

Capsules

1,028 capsules, each one classified by the strength of its evidence.

All1,028Fact599Proven130Theory89Hypothesis71Contested90Debunked48
geography236biology88physics67history54medicine45astronomy33psychology26mathematics26chemistry20engineering20astrophysics19neuroscience19anthropology18art18
Filtered bygeologyClear all

Results

Showing 1 to 20 of 26

NewestMost votedA to Z
Fact

Mining

Extracting minerals from the ground. Every manufactured object contains material that was mined, the industry has been transformed by scale and…

byCapsule
0 votes0 reviews
Aug 5, 2026
Fact

Fossils

The preserved remains or traces of past life. They are the direct evidence for the history of life on Earth, and the record they form is…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsAug 5, 2026
Fact

The Rock Cycle

The continuous transformation of rock between igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic forms, driven by heat from the Earth's interior and by weathering…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsAug 5, 2026
Fact

Glaciers

Masses of ice large enough to move under their own weight. They hold most of the world's fresh water, they carved much of the landscape of the…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsAug 5, 2026
Debunked

Dowsing

The practice of locating underground water, minerals or other targets by walking over ground holding a forked stick or a pair of rods and watching…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsAug 4, 2026
Hypothesis

The Boring Billion

The proposal that Earth spent roughly a billion years, from about 1.8 to 0.8 billion years ago, in near-total stasis: stable climate, stable…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsAug 4, 2026
Hypothesis

The Late Heavy Bombardment

The proposal that the inner solar system was struck by a sudden surge of impacts around 3.9 billion years ago, hundreds of millions of years after…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsAug 3, 2026
Hypothesis

The Faint Young Sun Paradox

The Sun was about thirty percent dimmer when the Earth was young, which should have left the planet frozen solid. The geological record shows liquid…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsAug 3, 2026
Hypothesis

The Giant-Impact Hypothesis

The proposal that the Moon formed from debris thrown off when a Mars-sized body struck the early Earth. It is the standard account, it explains most…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsAug 3, 2026
Hypothesis

The Alkaline Vent Hypothesis

The proposal that life began in alkaline hydrothermal vents on the ocean floor, where mineral chimneys provided compartments and a natural proton…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsAug 3, 2026
Hypothesis

The Toba Catastrophe Hypothesis

The proposal that a supervolcanic eruption in Sumatra about 74,000 years ago caused a volcanic winter that nearly exterminated the human species,…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsAug 3, 2026
Proven

Geomagnetic Reversal

The Earth's magnetic field has flipped hundreds of times, north becoming south and back. The record of those reversals is frozen into the ocean…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsAug 3, 2026
Hypothesis

The Silurian Hypothesis

If an industrial civilisation had existed on Earth millions of years before our own, would we be able to tell? Gavin Schmidt and Adam Frank asked the…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsAug 3, 2026
Hypothesis

The Younger Dryas Impact Hypothesis

The proposal that a comet or asteroid struck or exploded over North America about 12,800 years ago, triggering an abrupt return to glacial…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsAug 3, 2026
Theory

Stratigraphy

Stratigraphy is the study of layers, and the principle that where deposits lie undisturbed the lower ones were laid down before the upper ones. It…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsAug 3, 2026
Debunked

The Expanding Earth

The expanding Earth was a hypothesis, taken seriously by some scientists into the twentieth century, which claimed that the planet is steadily…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsJun 12, 2026
Theory

Uniformitarianism

Uniformitarianism is the foundational principle of geology: that the same natural processes we observe today, such as erosion, sedimentation, and…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsJun 11, 2026
Debunked

The Hollow Earth

The hollow Earth was the idea that our planet is not solid but hollow, perhaps containing a habitable inner world, or even inner suns and…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsJun 11, 2026
Proven· Replicated

The Age of the Earth

The Earth is about 4.54 billion years old. This figure, once fiercely debated, is now established with great precision through the radioactive dating…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsJun 11, 2026
Theory· Scientific

Plate Tectonics

Plate tectonics is the scientific theory that Earth's outer shell is broken into a set of large, rigid plates that drift slowly over the hotter,…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviewsJun 8, 2026
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