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Capsule of the Day

DebunkedThe PolygraphThe instrument popularly called a lie detector, which records breathing, blood pressure, pulse and skin conductance dur…

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The library

Capsules

1,028 capsules, each one classified by the strength of its evidence.

All1,028Fact599Proven130Theory89Hypothesis71Contested90Debunked48
geography236biology88physics67history54medicine45astronomy33psychology26mathematics26chemistry20engineering20astrophysics19neuroscience19anthropology18art18
Filtered byProvenphysicsClear all

Results

Showing 21 to 40 of 46

NewestMost votedA to Z
physics
Proven

The Second Law of Thermodynamics

Heat does not flow from cold to hot by itself, and no engine converts heat entirely into work. The second law is the most secure statement in…

byCapsule
0 votes0 reviews
physics
Proven

Neutrino Oscillation

Neutrinos change identity as they travel, converting between three types. The discovery resolved a thirty-year discrepancy in measurements of the Sun…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
chemistry
Proven

X-ray Crystallography

A technique for determining the arrangement of atoms in a solid by firing X-rays at a crystal and reading the pattern they scatter into. It has…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
physics
Proven

The Michelson-Morley Experiment

In 1887 two men in a basement in Cleveland tried to measure the Earth's motion through the medium light was assumed to travel in. They found nothing.…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
oceanography
Proven

Thermohaline Circulation

A global system of deep ocean currents driven by differences in water density, which itself depends on temperature and salinity. It moves heat around…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
quantum physics
Proven

Quantum Tunnelling

A particle can pass through a barrier it does not have enough energy to climb. This has no classical analogue, it is measured routinely, and it is…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
quantum physics
Proven

Quantum Entanglement

Two particles can be prepared in a joint state where neither has a definite property of its own, and measuring one immediately fixes the…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
materials science
Proven· Replicated

Semiconductor Doping

Doping is the deliberate introduction of impurities into a semiconductor in order to control its electrical behaviour. Every transistor, and…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
archaeology
Proven· Replicated

Radiocarbon Dating

Radiocarbon dating measures how much carbon-14 remains in something that was once alive, and converts that into an age. Developed by Willard Libby in…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
physics
Proven· Replicated

Ohm's Law

Ohm's law is the basic rule governing electric circuits. It states that the current flowing through a conductor is directly proportional to the…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
physics
Proven· Replicated

Conservation of Momentum

Conservation of momentum is one of the most fundamental and reliable laws in all of physics. Momentum, the product of an object's mass and its…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
physics
Proven· Replicated

The Equivalence of Mass and Energy

Mass and energy are two forms of the same thing. This is the meaning of the most famous equation in science, which states that the energy contained…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
physics
Proven· Replicated

Radioactive Decay

Radioactive decay is the process by which unstable atomic nuclei spontaneously break down, releasing energy and particles and transforming into other…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
astrophysics
Proven· Replicated

The Bending of Starlight

The bending of starlight is the deflection of light by gravity, predicted by Einstein's general theory of relativity and confirmed during a solar…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
physics
Proven· Replicated

Superconductivity

Superconductivity is a remarkable state in which certain materials, when cooled below a critical temperature, conduct electricity with absolutely no…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
physics
Proven· Replicated

The Higgs Boson

The Higgs boson is a fundamental particle whose discovery in 2012 confirmed how other particles acquire mass. Long predicted but famously hard to…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
physics
Proven· Replicated

The Neutrino

The neutrino is a tiny, almost massless subatomic particle that barely interacts with anything, streaming through matter, and through us, in…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
physics
Proven· Replicated

Brownian Motion

Brownian motion is the random, jittery movement of tiny particles suspended in a fluid, caused by their constant bombardment by the fluid's…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
physics
Proven· Replicated

The Photoelectric Effect

The photoelectric effect is the release of electrons from a material when light shines on it. Simple to observe yet impossible to explain with older…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
astrophysics
Proven· Replicated

Gravitational Waves

Gravitational waves are ripples in the fabric of space and time, set off by some of the most violent events in the universe. Predicted by Einstein a…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
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