The Two-Hit Hypothesis
Cancer caused by loss of a tumour suppressor requires both copies of the gene to be knocked out. Alfred Knudson deduced this in 1971 from the…
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Cancer caused by loss of a tumour suppressor requires both copies of the gene to be knocked out. Alfred Knudson deduced this in 1971 from the…
A rule for updating a belief when new evidence arrives. It is a short piece of algebra, it is not in any dispute, and misapplying it produces some of…
Assign people to treatments by chance, and the groups differ only by chance. It is a simple idea, it is the most reliable method medicine has for…
Average scores on intelligence tests rose steadily throughout the twentieth century, by roughly three points per decade in the countries with long…
Violent crime fell steeply across most of the developed world from the early 1990s, in some countries by more than half. The fall is one of the best…
The replication crisis is the finding that a substantial share of published research results cannot be reproduced when the studies are repeated. It…
Regression to the mean is the tendency for an extreme measurement to be followed by one closer to average, for no reason other than that extremes…
Simpson's paradox is the phenomenon in which a trend appears in several groups of data and reverses when the groups are combined. It is not a…
Statistical significance is a threshold used to decide whether a result is worth taking seriously. The conventional cutoff, a p-value below 0.05,…
Extreme event attribution is the field that answers the question people ask after every flood, heatwave, and storm: did climate change cause this?…
How much of the variation in measured intelligence is attributable to genetic variation is among the most technically misunderstood questions in…
The central limit theorem is one of the most important results in all of statistics. It explains why the familiar bell shaped curve appears again and…