Capsules

Viruses

Infectious agents consisting of genetic material inside a protein coat, which reproduce only inside living cells. They are the most numerous…

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nutrition

Food Preservation

Techniques for preventing food from spoiling. All of them work by attacking the same small set of conditions that microorganisms and enzymes require,…

Archaea

A domain of single-celled organisms distinct from both bacteria and eukaryotes. Their recognition as a separate branch of life in 1977 restructured…

Fungi

A kingdom of organisms distinct from plants and animals, which digest their food externally and absorb it. They decompose most of the world's dead…

Bacteria

Single-celled organisms without a nucleus, present in essentially every environment on Earth, and vastly outnumbering all other forms of life. A…

biotechnology

Fermentation

The extraction of energy from sugars without oxygen. It is one of the oldest biological processes, humans have exploited it for at least nine…

astrobiology

Extremophiles

Organisms that live in conditions that would destroy most life. They are mostly microorganisms, they have substantially widened the definition of a…

medicine

Debunked

Stomach Ulcers and Stress

The belief that peptic ulcers are caused by stress, personality and diet, and that they are a chronic condition to be managed rather than cured. Most…

Proven

Pasteurisation

Heating a liquid to a controlled temperature for a controlled time kills enough pathogens to make it safe without destroying it. It is among the most…

genetics

Theory· Scientific

Horizontal Gene Transfer

Horizontal gene transfer is the movement of genetic material between organisms by means other than parent to offspring. It is ordinary among…