Capsules

Proven

Meiosis

The cell division that halves the chromosome number and shuffles the genome at the same time. It is the reason sexual reproduction produces…

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Proven

The Hardy-Weinberg Principle

In a large population with random mating and nothing else happening, gene frequencies do not change from one generation to the next. It sounds like a…

Hypothesis

The Thrifty Gene Hypothesis

The proposal that genes favouring efficient fat storage were advantageous during famine and became harmful once food became abundant, explaining the…

music

Contested

Absolute Pitch

Absolute pitch, commonly called perfect pitch, is the ability to identify or produce a musical note without a reference tone. It is rare, it is real,…

molecular biology

Theory

The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology

The central dogma states that sequence information flows from nucleic acid to protein, and never back out of a protein into nucleic acid. Francis…

Theory· Scientific

Horizontal Gene Transfer

Horizontal gene transfer is the movement of genetic material between organisms by means other than parent to offspring. It is ordinary among…

Contested

The Heritability of Intelligence

How much of the variation in measured intelligence is attributable to genetic variation is among the most technically misunderstood questions in…

Contested

Junk DNA

Only a small fraction of the human genome codes for proteins, something under two per cent. What the rest of it is doing has been argued about for…

Proven· Replicated

CRISPR Gene Editing

CRISPR is a method for cutting DNA at a chosen location, which makes editing a genome a routine laboratory procedure rather than a specialist feat.…

Theory· Scientific

Epigenetics

Epigenetics is the study of changes in how genes are used that do not involve changes to the DNA sequence itself. Every cell in a body carries the…

Theory· Scientific

The Modern Evolutionary Synthesis

The modern synthesis is the theory, developed in the first half of the twentieth century, that united Charles Darwin's idea of evolution by natural…

molecular biology

Proven· Replicated

The DNA Double Helix

The double helix is the elegant twisted-ladder shape of the DNA molecule, the chemical that carries the genetic instructions of every living thing.…

Fact· Historical

The Human Genome Project

The Human Genome Project was a landmark international effort to map all of the genetic information in a human being. Completed in 2003 after more…

Theory

Mendelian Inheritance

Mendelian inheritance is the set of principles describing how traits are passed from parents to offspring through discrete units we now call genes.…