Capsules

Federalism

A system in which authority is divided between a central government and regional governments, each with powers that the other cannot unilaterally…

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economics

Taxation

Compulsory payments levied by a state on individuals and organisations. It funds government, and its structure determines who bears the cost of…

Political Parties

Organisations that seek to place their members in government, generally by contesting elections. They are not mentioned in most founding…

criminology

Policing

The organised enforcement of law and maintenance of public order by a body authorised by the state. Professional police forces are a nineteenth…

Elections

Procedures for selecting officeholders by vote. The rules by which votes are converted into outcomes are not neutral machinery: different systems…

law

Constitutions

The fundamental rules establishing how a state is governed: which institutions exist, what powers they hold, how those powers are limited, and how…

Democracy

Rule by the people, in practice meaning a system in which political authority derives from citizens through regular competitive elections, exercised…

sociology

The Census

A count of a population, conducted by a state, at a defined moment. It is among the oldest functions of government and remains the foundation on…

geography

Fact· Empirical

Canada

Canada is a country in North America, the second-largest in the world by total area, stretching from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific in…