Capsules

The Family

A group of people related by descent, marriage or adoption, and the primary unit through which children are raised and property transmitted in most…

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Urbanisation

The shift of a population from rural to urban living. More than half the world's people now live in cities, a threshold crossed around 2007, and the…

Social Class

Divisions within a society based on economic position, occupation, education and status. How class should be defined has been argued about for as…

The Census

A count of a population, conducted by a state, at a defined moment. It is among the oldest functions of government and remains the foundation on…

The Demographic Transition

The observed pattern in which societies move from high birth and death rates to low ones, passing through a period of rapid population growth while…

criminology

Routine Activity Theory

The proposal that a crime requires three things to converge in space and time: someone motivated to offend, a suitable target, and the absence of…

Anomie

Anomie is the condition of a society whose norms have weakened or become unclear, leaving individuals without adequate guidance about what to want or…

Contested

The Protestant Ethic Thesis

In 1905 Max Weber argued that the Protestant Reformation, and Calvinism in particular, produced a cultural disposition toward disciplined work and…

The Social Construction of Reality

The social construction of reality is the thesis that much of what people treat as simply given about the world is in fact produced and sustained by…

Contested

The Stanford Prison Experiment

In August 1971 Philip Zimbardo assigned twenty-four male students at random to be guards or prisoners in a simulated prison in a Stanford University…

Contested

Broken Windows Theory

Broken windows theory holds that visible signs of disorder, such as broken windows, graffiti, and public drinking, signal that a neighbourhood is…