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DebunkedThe PolygraphThe instrument popularly called a lie detector, which records breathing, blood pressure, pulse and skin conductance dur…

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The library

Capsules

1,028 capsules, each one classified by the strength of its evidence.

All1,028Fact599Proven130Theory89Hypothesis71Contested90Debunked48
geography236biology88physics67history54medicine45astronomy33psychology26mathematics26chemistry20engineering20astrophysics19neuroscience19anthropology18art18
Filtered byProvenmedicinemedicineClear all

Results

Showing 1 to 17 of 17

NewestMost votedA to Z
medicine
Proven

Blood Clotting

The process that seals a damaged blood vessel, combining a physical plug of platelets with a mesh of fibrin produced by a cascade of enzymes. It has…

byCapsule
0 votes0 reviews
medicine
Proven

The Two-Hit Hypothesis

Cancer caused by loss of a tumour suppressor requires both copies of the gene to be knocked out. Alfred Knudson deduced this in 1971 from the…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
medicine
Proven

Semmelweis and Handwashing

A Hungarian obstetrician worked out in 1847 that doctors were killing women in childbirth by carrying something on their hands from the dissection…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
medicine
Proven

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

A way of photographing the inside of a living body in any plane, at high resolution, without ionising radiation, by making hydrogen nuclei resonate…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
medicine
Proven

The Randomised Controlled Trial

Assign people to treatments by chance, and the groups differ only by chance. It is a simple idea, it is the most reliable method medicine has for…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
medicine
Proven

The Circulation of the Blood

William Harvey demonstrated in 1628 that blood circulates in a closed loop driven by the heart. He proved it by measurement, against a doctrine that…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
medicine
Proven

General Anaesthesia

Surgery without pain, without memory, and without movement, produced reliably millions of times a year. That it works is beyond question. How it…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
medicine
Proven· Replicated

HIV Causes AIDS

It is established beyond reasonable doubt that AIDS, the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, is caused by infection with HIV, the human…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
medicine
Proven· Replicated

Antibiotic Resistance

Antibiotic resistance is the ability of bacteria to survive the drugs designed to kill them. It is one of the most direct and observable examples of…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
medicine
Proven· Replicated

The Eradication of Smallpox

Smallpox was one of the deadliest diseases in human history, killing hundreds of millions of people over thousands of years. In 1980 the World Health…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
medicine
Proven· Clinical

mRNA Vaccines

mRNA vaccines are a new type of vaccine that teaches the body to fight a disease by delivering genetic instructions rather than a weakened or…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
medicine
Proven· Clinical

Human Blood Types

Human blood comes in different types, determined by molecules on the surface of red blood cells. The discovery of blood types made safe blood…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
medicine
Proven· Replicated

The Circulation of Blood

The circulation of blood is the continuous movement of blood around the body, pumped by the heart through a network of vessels. This understanding,…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
medicine
Proven· Clinical

Handwashing Prevents Infection

Washing the hands with soap and water is one of the simplest and most powerful tools in all of medicine for preventing the spread of disease. It is a…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
medicine
Proven· Clinical

Smoking Causes Cancer

That tobacco smoking causes cancer is one of the most thoroughly established findings in all of medicine. Smoking is the leading preventable cause of…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
medicine
Proven· Clinical

Pasteurization

Pasteurization is the process of heating a food or drink to a specific temperature for a set length of time in order to kill harmful microorganisms…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
medicine
Proven· Clinical

Penicillin

Penicillin was the first true antibiotic, a medicine that kills bacteria and cures infections that had once been routinely fatal. Its discovery and…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews