Capsules

Superconductivity

Superconductivity is a remarkable state in which certain materials, when cooled below a critical temperature, conduct electricity with absolutely no…

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Jun 12, 2026

The Higgs Boson

The Higgs boson is a fundamental particle whose discovery in 2012 confirmed how other particles acquire mass. Long predicted but famously hard to…

The Neutrino

The neutrino is a tiny, almost massless subatomic particle that barely interacts with anything, streaming through matter, and through us, in…

Brownian Motion

Brownian motion is the random, jittery movement of tiny particles suspended in a fluid, caused by their constant bombardment by the fluid's…

The Photoelectric Effect

The photoelectric effect is the release of electrons from a material when light shines on it. Simple to observe yet impossible to explain with older…

Gravitational Waves

Gravitational waves are ripples in the fabric of space and time, set off by some of the most violent events in the universe. Predicted by Einstein a…

Hypothesis

Grand Unified Theory

A Grand Unified Theory is a hypothesized framework that would merge three of the fundamental forces of nature, the electromagnetic, weak, and strong…

Crystallography

Crystallography is the science of crystals: how their atoms are arranged in orderly, repeating patterns, and how that hidden order gives crystals…

The Kinetic Theory of Gases

The kinetic theory of gases explains the behaviour of gases as the result of countless tiny particles, atoms and molecules, in constant, rapid,…

Debunked

The Caloric Theory

The caloric theory was an explanation of heat, widely accepted into the early nineteenth century, which held that heat is an invisible, weightless…

The Coriolis Effect

The Coriolis effect is the apparent deflection of moving objects, such as air and water, when viewed from a rotating frame like the spinning Earth.…

The Doppler Effect

The Doppler effect is the change in the observed frequency of a wave when its source and the observer move relative to each other. It is why the…

Acoustics: The Science of Sound

Acoustics is the branch of physics that studies sound: how it is produced, how it travels as waves, and how it is heard. It bridges science and art,…

Aerodynamics: How Flight Works

Aerodynamics is the study of how air flows around objects and the forces this creates. It is the science that explains how aircraft fly, how cars and…

Debunked

Perpetual Motion

Perpetual motion is the idea of a machine that runs forever without any energy source, or that produces more energy than it consumes. Inventors have…

Newton's Laws of Motion

Newton's laws of motion are three principles, set out by Isaac Newton in 1687, that describe how objects move under the action of forces. For more…

Optics

Optics is the branch of physics that studies light: how it travels, how it interacts with matter, and how it can be controlled with lenses and…

Quantum Mechanics

Quantum mechanics is the branch of physics that describes the behaviour of matter and energy at the smallest scales, those of atoms and subatomic…

The Greenhouse Effect

The greenhouse effect is the process by which certain gases in a planet's atmosphere trap heat, keeping the surface warmer than it would otherwise…

Conservation of Mass

The conservation of mass is the principle that, in any ordinary physical or chemical change, matter is neither created nor destroyed. The total mass…