Capsules

Hypothesis

The Seed and Soil Hypothesis

The proposal that cancers spread to particular organs not by accident of circulation but because those tissues are hospitable to them. It was…

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Hypothesis

The Cancer Stem Cell Hypothesis

The proposal that tumours are sustained by a small subpopulation of cells with stem-like properties, and that killing the bulk of a tumour without…

Proven

The Circulation of the Blood

William Harvey demonstrated in 1628 that blood circulates in a closed loop driven by the heart. He proved it by measurement, against a doctrine that…

Proven· Replicated

Antibiotic Resistance

Antibiotic resistance is the ability of bacteria to survive the drugs designed to kill them. It is one of the most direct and observable examples of…

mRNA Vaccines

mRNA vaccines are a new type of vaccine that teaches the body to fight a disease by delivering genetic instructions rather than a weakened or…

Human Blood Types

Human blood comes in different types, determined by molecules on the surface of red blood cells. The discovery of blood types made safe blood…

Proven· Replicated

The Circulation of Blood

The circulation of blood is the continuous movement of blood around the body, pumped by the heart through a network of vessels. This understanding,…

Theory· Scientific

Germ Theory of Disease

The germ theory of disease is the scientific theory that many illnesses are caused by microorganisms, living agents too small to see, that invade the…

Fact· Empirical

Vaccines

A vaccine is a preparation that trains the immune system to recognize and fight a specific disease before the body is ever exposed to the real…

Pasteurization

Pasteurization is the process of heating a food or drink to a specific temperature for a set length of time in order to kill harmful microorganisms…

Penicillin

Penicillin was the first true antibiotic, a medicine that kills bacteria and cures infections that had once been routinely fatal. Its discovery and…