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DebunkedThe PolygraphThe instrument popularly called a lie detector, which records breathing, blood pressure, pulse and skin conductance dur…

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The library

Capsules

1,028 capsules, each one classified by the strength of its evidence.

All1,028Fact599Proven130Theory89Hypothesis71Contested90Debunked48
geography236biology88physics67history54medicine45astronomy33psychology26mathematics26chemistry20engineering20astrophysics19neuroscience19anthropology18art18
Filtered bybiologybiologyClear all

Results

Showing 41 to 60 of 88

NewestMost votedA to Z
biology
Proven

Sexual Selection

Darwin's second theory, proposed to explain traits that natural selection could not: peacock tails, antlers, birdsong, and every ornament that costs…

byCapsule
0 votes0 reviews
biology
Proven

Convergent Evolution

Unrelated lineages repeatedly arrive at the same solution. Eyes, wings, flight, venom and photosynthesis have each evolved independently many times,…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
biology
Theory· Scientific

Punctuated Equilibrium

Punctuated equilibrium is a theory about the pace of evolution. It proposes that species tend to remain largely unchanged for long stretches of time,…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
biology
Theory· Scientific

The Modern Evolutionary Synthesis

The modern synthesis is the theory, developed in the first half of the twentieth century, that united Charles Darwin's idea of evolution by natural…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
biology
Fact· Historical

Rosalind Franklin

Rosalind Franklin (1920 to 1958) was a British scientist whose work was crucial to discovering the structure of DNA, the molecule of heredity. Long…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
biology
Fact· Historical

The Human Genome Project

The Human Genome Project was a landmark international effort to map all of the genetic information in a human being. Completed in 2003 after more…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
biology
Fact· Historical

Jane Goodall

Jane Goodall (born 1934) is a British primatologist whose groundbreaking study of wild chimpanzees transformed our understanding of animals and of…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
biology
Contested

What Killed the Ice Age Megafauna

At the end of the last ice age, many of the world's largest animals, the megafauna, went extinct, from woolly mammoths to giant ground sloths.…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
biology
Contested

Why the Neanderthals Died Out

Neanderthals were a species of ancient humans who lived across Europe and Asia for hundreds of thousands of years before disappearing around 40,000…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
biology
Fact· Historical

Charles Darwin

Charles Darwin (1809 to 1882) was an English naturalist whose theory of evolution by natural selection transformed our understanding of life. He…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
biology
Proven· Replicated

DNA Fingerprinting

DNA fingerprinting, also called DNA profiling, is a technique that identifies individuals by the unique patterns in their genetic material. Since its…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
biology
Contested

How Birds Navigate

Many birds travel thousands of miles between breeding and wintering grounds, often returning to the very same spot year after year. How they find…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
biology
Hypothesis

The Aquatic Ape Hypothesis

The aquatic ape hypothesis is the controversial idea that human ancestors went through a phase of living partly in water, and that this shaped many…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
biology
Debunked

Vitalism

Vitalism was the long held belief that living things contain a special, non physical "vital force" or "life energy" that animates them and that…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
biology
Contested

Why We Age

Why living things grow old and eventually die is one of biology's deep and contested questions. Ageing is nearly universal among complex animals, yet…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
biology
Contested

The Cambrian Explosion

The Cambrian explosion was a remarkable burst of evolution, beginning around 540 million years ago, when most of the major groups of animals appeared…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
biology
Theory

Endosymbiotic Theory

Endosymbiotic theory explains the origin of the complex cells that make up plants, animals, fungi, and other higher organisms. It proposes that key…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
biology
Debunked

Lamarckism

Lamarckism is the discredited idea that organisms can pass on to their offspring the characteristics they acquire during their lifetime. Its classic…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
biology
Contested

Are Animals Conscious?

Whether animals have conscious experiences, an inner life of feelings and awareness, is a deep and genuinely contested question. That many animals…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
biology
Theory

Mendelian Inheritance

Mendelian inheritance is the set of principles describing how traits are passed from parents to offspring through discrete units we now call genes.…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
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