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DebunkedThe PolygraphThe instrument popularly called a lie detector, which records breathing, blood pressure, pulse and skin conductance dur…

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The library

Capsules

1,028 capsules, each one classified by the strength of its evidence.

All1,028Fact599Proven130Theory89Hypothesis71Contested90Debunked48
geography236biology88physics67history54medicine45astronomy33psychology26mathematics26chemistry20engineering20astrophysics19neuroscience19anthropology18art18
Filtered bycontestedClear all

Results

Showing 1 to 20 of 34

NewestMost votedA to Z
history
Contested

The Origin of the Etruscans

The Etruscans were a sophisticated people who flourished in ancient Italy before Rome rose to power, leaving rich art and a language unlike any…

byCapsule
0 votes0 reviews
astronomy
Contested

The Wow! Signal

The Wow! signal was a strong, unexplained radio signal detected in 1977 by a telescope scanning the sky for possible messages from other…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
physics
Contested

Ball Lightning

Ball lightning is a reported phenomenon in which a glowing, floating sphere of light appears, usually during thunderstorms. Many people claim to have…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
history
Contested

How the Pyramids Were Built

The Great Pyramids of Egypt are among the most astonishing structures ever built, yet exactly how the ancient Egyptians raised them, with millions of…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
astrophysics
Contested

The Hubble Tension

The Hubble tension is a genuine and growing puzzle in cosmology: two careful ways of measuring how fast the universe is expanding give answers that…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
psychology
Contested

Does Language Shape Thought

Does the language we speak shape the way we think? This question, sometimes called linguistic relativity, has fascinated and divided scholars for…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
biology
Contested

What Killed the Ice Age Megafauna

At the end of the last ice age, many of the world's largest animals, the megafauna, went extinct, from woolly mammoths to giant ground sloths.…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
history
Contested

The Origins of Modern Humans

Where and how our own species, Homo sapiens, arose is a question of intense scientific interest. The broad outline, an African origin, is well…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
biology
Contested

Why the Neanderthals Died Out

Neanderthals were a species of ancient humans who lived across Europe and Asia for hundreds of thousands of years before disappearing around 40,000…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
physics
Contested

The Nature of Time

Time is one of the most familiar parts of our experience, yet what it really is remains one of the deepest and most contested questions in physics…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
psychology
Contested

Why Do We Dream

Dreams, the vivid stories the mind plays out during sleep, are universal yet deeply mysterious. That we dream is obvious; why we dream, and what…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
earth science
Contested

What Caused the Great Dying

The Permian extinction, often called the Great Dying, was the most severe mass extinction in Earth's history, around 252 million years ago, when the…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
medicine
Contested

What Causes Alzheimer's Disease

Alzheimer's disease is the most common cause of dementia, slowly destroying memory and thinking. That it damages the brain is clear, but what…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
biology
Contested

How Birds Navigate

Many birds travel thousands of miles between breeding and wintering grounds, often returning to the very same spot year after year. How they find…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
history
Contested

How the Americas Were Settled

How and when the first people reached the Americas is a genuinely contested question. That humans came from Asia is clear, but the timing and the…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
biology
Contested

Why We Age

Why living things grow old and eventually die is one of biology's deep and contested questions. Ageing is nearly universal among complex animals, yet…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
biology
Contested

The Cambrian Explosion

The Cambrian explosion was a remarkable burst of evolution, beginning around 540 million years ago, when most of the major groups of animals appeared…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
psychology
Contested

The Origin of Language

How human language first arose is one of the hardest questions in science. That we alone among animals possess full language is clear; when, how, and…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
biology
Contested

Are Animals Conscious?

Whether animals have conscious experiences, an inner life of feelings and awareness, is a deep and genuinely contested question. That many animals…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
history
Contested

The Bronze Age Collapse

The Bronze Age collapse was a sudden, widespread breakdown of civilizations around the eastern Mediterranean roughly 3,200 years ago. Within a few…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
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