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Capsule Mapping

Connect what you know

Boards thread capsules into a thesis. Grids hold data where every value can cite its source. Capsules keep their live classification, so a map knows when the evidence moves.

Create a free accountSign inPublished maps are open to everyone. Making them needs an account.
Still open
Question

The central question

Lead one

Lead two

Lead three

Leads toLeads toLeads to
ABCDEFGH1CriterionOption AOption BOption C2Cost3Evidence strength4Risk56Total000789101112

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  • 1. The universe begins, 13.8 billion years ago
    2. Stars forge the elements
    3. The Sun and planets form, 4.6 billion years ago
    4. A living planet takes shape
    5. Life begins
    6. Life explodes, and dies back
    7. Humans arrive, about 300,000 years ago
    8. Farms, cities and writing
    9. What we still do not know

    Read it left to right, top to bottom. Each chapter rests on capsules you can open, and the colours show how settled each step is: the early universe is Proven or Theory, the start of life is still Hypothesis.

    Theory
    The Big Bang
    Hypothesis
    Cosmic Inflation
    Proven
    The Cosmic Microwave Background
    Proven
    The Expansion of the Universe
    Proven
    The Age of the Universe
    Contested
    Dark Energy
    Theory
    Stellar Nucleosynthesis
    Theory
    Stellar Evolution
    Fact
    Supernovae
    Fact
    Neutron Stars
    Fact
    Galaxies
    Proven
    The Periodic Table
    Theory
    The Formation of the Solar System
    Fact
    The Sun
    Fact
    The Solar System
    Hypothesis
    The Giant-Impact Hypothesis
    Fact
    The Moon
    Hypothesis
    The Late Heavy Bombardment
    Proven
    The Age of the Earth
    Theory
    Plate Tectonics
    Fact
    The Atmosphere
    Fact
    The Water Cycle
    Hypothesis
    The Faint Young Sun Paradox
    Hypothesis
    Snowball Earth
    Hypothesis
    Abiogenesis: The Origin of Life
    Hypothesis
    The RNA World Hypothesis
    Hypothesis
    The Alkaline Vent Hypothesis
    Hypothesis
    Panspermia
    Theory
    Endosymbiotic Theory
    Hypothesis
    The Boring Billion
    SupportsSupportsProposed first instantHydrogen and helium to work withMade most of the elementsLeads toLeads toHeavy elements in the cloudLeads toLeads toLeads toLeads toGreenhouse gases may answer itLiquid waterSupportsSupportsThe alternative
    Board
    From the Big Bang to you

    13.8 billion years on one board: nine chapters, over fifty capsules, and the questions still open at every step. Follow the threads from the first instant to the first cities.

    54 capsules
    Emmanuel Okwu Emmanuel Okwu10 days ago
  • The physics
    Evidence from the past
    Your claim, not verified

    Doubling the carbon dioxide in the air will warm the planet by roughly 3 degrees Celsius.

    Theory
    The Greenhouse Effect
    Proven
    Climate Change
    Contested
    What Causes the Ice Ages
    Proven
    Radiocarbon Dating
    Contested
    Climate Sensitivity
    Contested
    Climate Tipping Points
    Question

    What happens if a tipping point is crossed before we reach 3 degrees?

    Check the range, not just the central estimate. The likely range matters more than the middle.

    Source
    IPCC Sixth Assessment, Working Group I
    ipcc.ch
    SupportsSupportsPast climate testLeads toRange still debatedLeads toSame source
    Board
    How sensitive is the climate?

    A thesis board: what the library says about how much warming a doubling of carbon dioxide brings.

    6 capsules
    Emmanuel Okwu Emmanuel Okwu10 days ago
  • Learning goals
    Capsules to read
    A myth to retire

    Explain how a vaccine trains the immune system without causing the disease.

    Explain why vaccinating most people protects those who cannot be vaccinated.

    Fact
    Vaccines
    Proven
    mRNA Vaccines
    Proven
    Immunological Memory
    Theory
    Herd Immunity
    Debunked
    Do Vaccines Cause Autism?
    Your claim, not verified

    Vaccines cause autism.

    Question

    Why does a second dose often give stronger protection than the first?

    How it worksSupportsContradictsLeads to
    Board
    Lesson plan: how vaccines work

    A one-hour lesson built on verified capsules, with one myth the evidence has retired.

    5 capsules
    Emmanuel Okwu Emmanuel Okwu10 days ago
  • The evidence
    Still debated
    Your claim, not verified

    The universe began in a hot, dense state about 13.8 billion years ago and has been expanding ever since.

    Theory
    The Big Bang
    Proven
    The Expansion of the Universe
    Proven
    The Cosmic Microwave Background
    Proven
    The Age of the Universe
    Hypothesis
    Cosmic Inflation
    Theory
    Dark Matter: The Leading Theoretical Framework for Missing Mass in the Universe
    Contested
    Dark Energy
    Contested
    How the Universe Will End
    Contested
    The Multiverse
    Question

    What, if anything, came before the hot, dense beginning?

    SupportsSupportsSupportsThe theoryProposed first instantLeads toLeads to
    Board
    What happened in the first second?

    The case for the Big Bang, the evidence behind it, and the parts cosmology is still arguing about.

    9 capsules
    Emmanuel Okwu Emmanuel Okwu10 days ago
  • Settled: how life works and changes
    Still debated
    Question

    How did the first living things arise from non-living chemistry?

    Hypothesis
    Abiogenesis: The Origin of Life
    Proven
    The DNA Double Helix
    Theory
    Evolution by Natural Selection
    Theory
    The Modern Evolutionary Synthesis
    Contested
    Junk DNA

    Natural selection explains how life changes once it exists. It does not, on its own, explain how it started.

    Leading ideaSupportsSupports
    Board
    Where did life come from?

    An investigation: what is settled about how life works and changes, and what is still open about how it began.

    5 capsules
    Emmanuel Okwu Emmanuel Okwu10 days ago
  • What the record shows
    Compare
    Question

    How did the builders move and raise stones weighing several tonnes?

    Contested
    How the Pyramids Were Built
    Fact
    Great Pyramid of Giza
    Fact
    Ancient Egypt
    Fact
    Stonehenge

    Lead to follow: ramps, levers and sledges each have support. Which one did the heavy lifting is the open part.

    Leads toSupportsSupports
    Board
    How were the pyramids built?

    What the record shows about Egypt's pyramid builders, and which parts of the method are still argued over.

    4 capsules
    Emmanuel Okwu Emmanuel Okwu10 days ago
  • Your claim, not verified

    The Moon formed from debris after a Mars-sized body struck the early Earth.

    Contested
    The Origin of the Moon
    Fact
    The Moon
    Fact
    Apollo 11
    Fact
    Mars
    Question

    Why are Earth and Moon rocks so alike in their chemistry, if most of the Moon came from the impactor?

    Leading accountReturned samplesImpactor sizeOpen problem
    Board
    Where did the Moon come from?

    The leading account of the Moon's birth, the samples that test it, and the questions it has not closed.

    4 capsules
    Emmanuel Okwu Emmanuel Okwu10 days ago
  • Contested, all three
    Contested
    The Hard Problem of Consciousness
    Contested
    Free Will
    Contested
    Why Do We Dream
    Question

    Can any amount of brain science explain why experience feels like something?

    Question

    If choices have physical causes, in what sense are they free?

    Question

    Are dreams for memory, for emotion, or a side effect of sleep?

    Leads toLeads toLeads to
    Board
    Three open questions about the mind

    Consciousness, free will and dreaming, side by side: where the evidence stands on each.

    3 capsules
    Emmanuel Okwu Emmanuel Okwu10 days ago
  • Physics, chemistry and the sky
    Medicine and life
    Debunked
    Phlogiston Theory
    Proven
    Conservation of Mass
    Debunked
    The Caloric Theory
    Theory
    Thermodynamics
    Debunked
    The Luminiferous Aether
    Proven
    The Michelson-Morley Experiment
    Debunked
    The Geocentric Model
    Proven
    Heliocentrism
    Debunked
    The Steady State Theory
    Proven
    The Cosmic Microwave Background
    Debunked
    The Expanding Earth
    Theory
    Plate Tectonics
    Debunked
    The Planet Vulcan
    Theory
    General Relativity
    Debunked
    The Martian Canals
    Fact
    Mars
    Debunked
    N-Rays
    Fact
    The Scientific Method
    Debunked
    Miasma Theory
    Theory
    Germ Theory of Disease
    Debunked
    Humorism: The Four Humors
    Debunked
    Bloodletting
    Proven
    The Randomised Controlled Trial
    Debunked
    Spontaneous Generation
    Proven
    Pasteurization
    Debunked
    Vitalism
    Fact
    Metabolism
    Debunked
    Lamarckism
    Theory
    The Modern Evolutionary Synthesis
    Debunked
    Phrenology
    Fact
    Brain Imaging
    Debunked
    Piltdown Man
    Proven
    Radiocarbon Dating
    Debunked
    Cold Fusion at Room Temperature
    Fact
    Peer Review

    None of these were silly at the time. Each fitted the evidence people had. They were retired because someone measured something new.

    Theory
    Epigenetics

    Epigenetics brought back a small echo of Lamarck: some marks on genes can pass to offspring. It does not rescue the old theory.

    Burning metals gain weightHeat is motion, not a fluidNo ether wind was foundThe phases of VenusLeftover heat of a hot startOld seafloor sinks as new formsMercury's orbit, explainedSpacecraft found no canalsA hidden test exposed themMicrobes, not bad airDisease has specific causesCounting outcomes showed harmBroth kept from dust stayed sterileLife runs on ordinary chemistryInheritance runs through genesSkull bumps say nothingDating tests exposed the fakeOther labs could not repeat itA partial echo
    Board
    Science's graveyard: ideas the evidence retired

    Eighteen ideas that serious people once believed, each beside the evidence that retired it. Being wrong in public is how science moves.

    37 capsules
    Emmanuel Okwu Emmanuel Okwu10 days ago
  • Brain myths
    Body myths
    Reading minds
    The world and the sky
    Debunked
    The Ten Percent of the Brain Myth
    Fact
    Brain Imaging
    Debunked
    The Left-Brain, Right-Brain Myth
    Fact
    The Cerebral Cortex
    Debunked
    Learning Styles
    Proven
    The Randomised Controlled Trial
    Debunked
    The Mozart Effect
    Contested
    The Replication Crisis
    Debunked
    Do Vaccines Cause Autism?
    Fact
    Vaccines
    Debunked
    Stomach Ulcers and Stress
    Fact
    Bacteria
    Debunked
    Breakfast as the Most Important Meal
    Fact
    Dietary Fibre
    Debunked
    Autointoxication
    Fact
    The Liver
    Debunked
    The Polygraph
    Theory
    Signal Detection Theory
    Debunked
    Criminal Profiling
    Debunked
    Subliminal Advertising
    Fact
    Attention
    Debunked
    Facilitated Communication
    Fact
    The Scientific Method
    Debunked
    Flat Earth
    Proven
    The Spherical Earth
    Debunked
    Astrology
    Debunked
    Dowsing
    Debunked
    The Golden Ratio in Art and Architecture

    A myth survives because it is simple, memorable and flattering. The correction is usually more complicated, so it travels slower.

    Question

    Which of these did you believe until today?

    Scans show the whole brain at workBoth halves share most tasksMatching style did not helpA small effect that did not holdHuge studies found no linkA bacterium causes most ulcersWhat you eat matters more than whenThe body clears its own wasteNerves are not liesProfilers did no betterThe famous study was inventedBlind tests showed who typedShips, shadows and photosPredictions failed under testChance level in controlled trialsMeasured, the ratios vary
    Board
    Myths that will not die

    Sixteen claims you have probably heard this year, each beside what the evidence actually shows. Good for settling arguments.

    28 capsules
    Emmanuel Okwu Emmanuel Okwu10 days ago
  • The argument
    Where to look
    How tough life is
    False alarms and maybes
    Your claim, not verified

    If life starts easily, a galaxy this old should be full of it, and we should have seen signs by now.

    Contested
    The Fermi Paradox
    Hypothesis
    The Drake Equation
    Hypothesis
    The Great Filter
    Hypothesis
    The Rare Earth Hypothesis
    Hypothesis
    The Zoo Hypothesis
    Hypothesis
    The Dyson Sphere
    Proven
    Exoplanets
    Fact
    The Habitable Zone
    Fact
    Biosignatures
    Fact
    The James Webb Space Telescope
    Fact
    Mars
    Contested
    Interstellar Objects
    Fact
    Extremophiles
    Fact
    Tardigrade
    Hypothesis
    Abiogenesis: The Origin of Life
    Hypothesis
    The Alkaline Vent Hypothesis
    Hypothesis
    Panspermia
    Fact
    The Water Cycle
    Contested
    The Wow! Signal
    Debunked
    The Martian Canals
    Question

    Is the filter behind us, at the start of life, or ahead of us?

    Question

    What single observation would settle the question?

    Thousands of planets have been confirmed around other stars since the first finds in the 1990s. Many sit in their star's habitable zone.

    The estimateLeads toAnswer: life is rareAnswer: they keep awayA technosignatureLeads toReads alien airWidens where life fitsSupportsContradicts
    Board
    Are we alone in the universe?

    The Fermi paradox, the answers on offer, where the telescopes are looking, and how tough life on Earth turned out to be.

    20 capsules
    Emmanuel Okwu Emmanuel Okwu10 days ago
  • The record
    The body
    The big brain
    Living together
    Question

    What changed, and in what order, to turn an African ape into a species on every continent?

    Contested
    The Origins of Modern Humans
    Fact
    Stone Tools
    Fact
    Rock Art
    Contested
    The Homo Naledi Burial Claim
    Contested
    Why the Neanderthals Died Out
    Contested
    How the Americas Were Settled
    Hypothesis
    The Endurance Running Hypothesis
    Hypothesis
    The Obstetrical Dilemma
    Hypothesis
    The Savanna Hypothesis
    Hypothesis
    The Aquatic Ape Hypothesis
    Hypothesis
    The Expensive Tissue Hypothesis
    Hypothesis
    The Cooking Hypothesis
    Hypothesis
    The Social Brain Hypothesis
    Contested
    Dunbar's Number
    Theory
    Theory of Mind
    Fact
    The Human Brain
    Hypothesis
    The Grandmother Hypothesis
    Hypothesis
    The Self-Domestication Hypothesis
    Contested
    The Origin of Language
    Theory
    Kinship Systems
    Fact
    Gift Exchange
    Fact
    Oral Tradition
    Fact
    Chimpanzee

    Almost every card in the middle rows is a Hypothesis. The record is Fact, the explanations are still being argued.

    Rival accountBig heads, narrow hipsSupportsLeads toLeads toLeads toLeads toCompareSymbols
    Board
    What made us human?

    Bodies built for running, brains fed by cooking, grandmothers, gossip and language: the hypotheses for how our species became what it is, with the record they have to explain.

    23 capsules
    Emmanuel Okwu Emmanuel Okwu10 days ago
  • The method
    The traps
    Results that did not hold up
    Fact
    The Scientific Method
    Fact
    Peer Review
    Proven
    The Randomised Controlled Trial
    Fact
    Sampling
    Fact
    Correlation
    Proven
    Simpson's Paradox
    Proven
    Regression to the Mean
    Contested
    Statistical Significance
    Proven
    Bayes' Theorem
    Fact
    The Normal Distribution
    Contested
    The Replication Crisis
    Contested
    The Stanford Prison Experiment
    Contested
    Stereotype Threat
    Contested
    Growth Mindset
    Contested
    The Implicit Association Test
    Contested
    The Flynn Effect

    Checklist 1. Who was studied, and how many? A result from 30 students may not hold for everyone.

    Checklist 2. Was there a control group, and were people assigned at random?

    Checklist 3. Does it show a link, or a cause? Most headlines skip this step.

    Checklist 4. Has anyone else found the same thing?

    Question

    Pick a health headline from this week. Which checklist step does it fail?

    Turns links into causesLeads toDid not catch itAnother way to weigh evidence
    Board
    Lesson: how to read a study

    A one-hour lesson on telling strong evidence from weak: the method, the traps, and famous results that did not hold up.

    16 capsules
    Emmanuel Okwu Emmanuel Okwu10 days ago
  • Depression
    Schizophrenia
    The biology underneath
    Hypothesis
    The Serotonin Hypothesis of Depression
    Hypothesis
    The Inflammatory Hypothesis of Depression
    Hypothesis
    The Gut-Brain Axis
    Theory
    The Gut-Brain Axis: Microbiome Influence on Mental Health
    Hypothesis
    Social Media Use and Adolescent Depression: Causal Relationship Under Investigation
    Contested
    Why We Sleep
    Hypothesis
    The Dopamine Hypothesis of Schizophrenia
    Hypothesis
    The Glutamate Hypothesis of Schizophrenia
    Hypothesis
    The Social Defeat Hypothesis of Psychosis
    Contested
    Nature versus Nurture
    Fact
    Neurotransmitters
    Fact
    The Neuron
    Fact
    Inflammation
    Theory
    Neuroplasticity
    Proven
    The Blood-Brain Barrier
    Hypothesis
    The Glymphatic System

    Most of these cards are hypotheses. Each explains part of the picture; the likeliest answer is that several causes act together.

    Question

    Why do treatments that work for some people do nothing for others?

    SupportsStress raises dopamineA newer account
    Board
    What causes depression and schizophrenia?

    The live hypotheses side by side, from chemical imbalance to inflammation, the gut and social defeat, and why none of them has won yet.

    16 capsules
    Emmanuel Okwu Emmanuel Okwu10 days ago
  • The quantum world
    Gravity
    The particle zoo
    Candidates for everything
    Your claim, not verified

    General relativity and quantum mechanics cannot both be the final word.

    Proven
    The Double-Slit Experiment
    Fact
    Wave-Particle Duality
    Fact
    The Uncertainty Principle
    Proven
    Quantum Entanglement
    Proven
    Quantum Tunnelling
    Contested
    Interpretations of Quantum Mechanics
    Theory
    General Relativity
    Proven
    Gravitational Waves
    Proven
    Black Holes
    Proven
    Gravitational Lensing
    Proven
    The Equivalence of Mass and Energy
    Proven
    The Bending of Starlight
    Theory
    The Standard Model of Particle Physics
    Proven
    The Higgs Boson
    Proven
    Neutrino Oscillation
    Theory
    Quantum Field Theory
    Fact
    The Large Hadron Collider
    Fact
    The Photon
    Theory
    String Theory
    Hypothesis
    Loop Quantum Gravity
    Hypothesis
    Grand Unified Theory
    Hypothesis
    The Holographic Principle
    Contested
    The Multiverse
    Contested
    The Nature of Time
    Question

    What happens at the centre of a black hole?

    Question

    Dark matter and dark energy make up most of the universe. What are they?

    Theory
    Dark Matter: The Leading Theoretical Framework for Missing Mass in the Universe
    Contested
    Dark Energy
    SupportsLeads toLeads toSupportsFound it in 2012Neutrinos have massSupportsSupportsSupportsLeads toOne way outAnother way out
    Board
    Where physics breaks

    Quantum mechanics and general relativity are each tested to astonishing precision, and they do not fit together. The evidence, the particle zoo, and the candidates for a theory of everything.

    26 capsules
    Emmanuel Okwu Emmanuel Okwu10 days ago
  • Before germs
    The germ revolution
    The weapons
    How epidemics spread and stop
    The fights ahead
    Debunked
    Miasma Theory
    Debunked
    Humorism: The Four Humors
    Debunked
    Bloodletting
    Proven
    Semmelweis and Handwashing
    Theory
    Germ Theory of Disease
    Proven
    Pasteurization
    Fact
    Sanitation
    Fact
    Sewage Treatment
    Proven
    Handwashing Prevents Infection
    Fact
    Vaccines
    Proven
    Penicillin
    Proven
    The Eradication of Smallpox
    Proven
    mRNA Vaccines
    Fact
    Monoclonal Antibodies
    Fact
    The Immune System
    Fact
    The Black Death
    Theory
    The Basic Reproduction Number
    Theory
    Herd Immunity
    Fact
    Contact Tracing
    Fact
    Quarantine
    Proven
    HIV Causes AIDS
    Proven
    Antibiotic Resistance
    Fact
    Disease Surveillance

    Smallpox is the only human disease ever eradicated. The world was declared free of it in 1980.

    Question

    If bacteria evolve around every antibiotic we make, what comes after antibiotics?

    ContradictsContradictsSupportsSupportsLeads toLeads toLeads toCausesPushes it downPushes it downLeads to
    Board
    How we beat infectious disease

    From bad air and bloodletting to germ theory, vaccines, antibiotics and the eradication of smallpox, and the fights still ahead.

    23 capsules
    Emmanuel Okwu Emmanuel Okwu10 days ago
  • Proven, forever
    Open, with prizes waiting
    Proven impossible
    Tools that changed the world
    Proven
    The Pythagorean Theorem
    Proven
    The Infinitude of Primes
    Proven
    The Irrationality of the Square Root of Two
    Proven
    Fermat's Last Theorem
    Proven
    The Four Colour Theorem
    Proven
    Cantor's Diagonal Argument
    Hypothesis
    The Riemann Hypothesis
    Hypothesis
    Goldbach's Conjecture
    Contested
    P versus NP
    Proven
    Gödel's Incompleteness Theorems
    Proven
    The Halting Problem
    Fact
    Calculus
    Fact
    Zero
    Proven
    Bayes' Theorem
    Theory
    Game Theory
    Theory
    Chaos Theory
    Theory
    Graph Theory

    Fermat wrote that he had a proof but no room in the margin. It took more than 350 years, until Andrew Wiles in the 1990s.

    Goldbach's conjecture has been checked by computer for every even number up to 4 billion billion. It is still not proven.

    Question

    Riemann and P versus NP each carry a one million dollar prize. Which falls first?

    Where the primes fallSame trickSame trickThe diagonal of a unit square
    Board
    Proven, open, impossible: the edges of mathematics

    Truths proven for all time, problems nobody has cracked, and the theorems that prove some things can never be proven or computed.

    17 capsules
    Emmanuel Okwu Emmanuel Okwu10 days ago
  • Still argued
    The basics
    Why it is hard to know
    Contested
    Dietary Fat and Heart Disease
    Contested
    Salt and Blood Pressure
    Contested
    Ultra-Processed Foods
    Contested
    Microplastics and Human Health
    Fact
    Carbohydrates
    Fact
    Dietary Fibre
    Fact
    Vitamins
    Fact
    Salt
    Fact
    Lipids
    Fact
    Metabolism
    Proven
    The Randomised Controlled Trial
    Fact
    Correlation
    Hypothesis
    The Thrifty Gene Hypothesis
    Hypothesis
    The Gut-Brain Axis
    Debunked
    Breakfast as the Most Important Meal
    Contested
    The Replication Crisis

    Most diet studies follow what people already eat. They can show a link, rarely a cause, and people who eat one way often live differently in other ways too.

    Question

    Why do nutrition headlines seem to reverse every few years?

    Mostly observationalThe way past itLeads to
    Board
    Food fights: what the nutrition evidence says

    Fat, salt, breakfast and ultra-processed food: what is settled, what is still argued, and why nutrition science is so hard to do.

    16 capsules
    Emmanuel Okwu Emmanuel Okwu10 days ago
  • Energy in, energy out
    Carbon
    Moving the heat
    Measuring and predicting
    Climates of the past
    What is at risk
    Fact
    The Sun
    Theory
    The Greenhouse Effect
    Fact
    The Atmosphere
    Theory
    Milankovitch Cycles
    Fact
    The Carbon Cycle
    Proven
    Climate Change
    Proven
    Ocean Acidification
    Fact
    Plankton
    Proven
    Thermohaline Circulation
    Fact
    Ocean Currents
    Fact
    The Jet Stream
    Fact
    El Nino and La Nina
    Fact
    Climate Models
    Theory
    Extreme Event Attribution
    Contested
    Climate Sensitivity
    Fact
    Weather Forecasting
    Contested
    What Causes the Ice Ages
    Hypothesis
    Snowball Earth
    Proven
    Radiocarbon Dating
    Fact
    Dendrochronology
    Contested
    Climate Tipping Points
    Fact
    Coral Reefs
    Fact
    Glaciers
    Contested
    Renewable Energy and Electrical Grid Stability
    Question

    How much warmer will it get, and how fast? The answer depends on climate sensitivity, and on us.

    Leads toCausesHarder to build shellsPulls carbon downPaces the cyclesLinks events to warmingDates the last oneCalibrates it
    Board
    How the climate system works

    Energy from the Sun, carbon in the air and sea, heat carried by currents and winds, and how scientists measure and predict it all.

    24 capsules
    Emmanuel Okwu Emmanuel Okwu10 days ago
  • Evolution's answers
    Inside the cell
    The diseases of age
    Contested
    Why We Age
    Hypothesis
    The Disposable Soma Theory
    Hypothesis
    Antagonistic Pleiotropy
    Theory
    Life History Theory
    Hypothesis
    The Grandmother Hypothesis
    Hypothesis
    The Free Radical Theory of Ageing
    Proven
    DNA Replication
    Fact
    Mutation
    Proven
    Apoptosis
    Proven
    The Cell Cycle
    Theory
    Epigenetics
    Contested
    What Causes Alzheimer's Disease
    Hypothesis
    The Amyloid Hypothesis
    Fact
    Inflammation
    Hypothesis
    The Cancer Stem Cell Hypothesis

    Natural selection barely sees what happens after the years when animals have their young, so damage that shows up late is hardly weeded out.

    Question

    Some animals barely seem to age at all. What do they do differently?

    Fact
    Axolotl
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    Why do we age?

    Evolution's answers, what goes wrong inside the cell, and the diseases that come with the years.

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    Emmanuel Okwu Emmanuel Okwu10 days ago