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DebunkedThe PolygraphThe instrument popularly called a lie detector, which records breathing, blood pressure, pulse and skin conductance dur…

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The library

Capsules

1,028 capsules, each one classified by the strength of its evidence.

All1,028Fact599Proven130Theory89Hypothesis71Contested90Debunked48
geography236biology88physics67history54medicine45astronomy33psychology26mathematics26chemistry20engineering20astrophysics19neuroscience19anthropology18art18
Filtered byhistoryClear all

Results

Showing 41 to 60 of 172

NewestMost votedA to Z
music
Fact

The Orchestra

A large ensemble of instrumentalists, organised into sections and directed by a conductor. Its composition was not designed but accumulated, and it…

byCapsule
0 votes0 reviews
linguistics
Fact

Language Families

Groups of languages descended from a common ancestor. The relationships are established by systematic correspondence rather than by resemblance, and…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
religion
Fact

Monasticism

The practice of withdrawing from ordinary society to live under religious discipline, usually in community and usually under vows. It arose…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
quantum physics
Fact

The Uncertainty Principle

The result that certain pairs of physical properties cannot both have precisely defined values at the same time. It is a statement about what quantum…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
media studies
Fact

Propaganda

Communication designed to shape opinion and behaviour in the interest of the party producing it, rather than to inform. It is defined by purpose and…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
literature
Fact

Poetry

Language organised for its sound and rhythm as well as its meaning. It is older than prose literature, older than writing, and its formal constraints…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
law
Fact

Constitutions

The fundamental rules establishing how a state is governed: which institutions exist, what powers they hold, how those powers are limited, and how…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
film
Fact

Documentary Film

Film presenting factual material about real events and people. The form is as old as cinema itself, and the question of how far a documentary…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
architecture
Fact

The Dome

A roof formed as a hollow hemisphere or similar curved shell. It spans large spaces without internal supports, it works entirely in compression, and…

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political science
Fact

Democracy

Rule by the people, in practice meaning a system in which political authority derives from citizens through regular competitive elections, exercised…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
epidemiology
Fact

Quarantine

The separation and restriction of movement of people who may have been exposed to a contagious disease, to see whether they become ill. It is among…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
anthropology
Fact

Oral Tradition

The transmission of knowledge, history and literature by speech across generations, without writing. It sustained every human society before writing…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
literature
Fact

The Novel

An extended work of prose fiction. It is among the youngest major literary forms, it became the dominant one within roughly two centuries, and its…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
music
Fact

Musical Notation

Systems for writing down music so that it can be preserved and performed by people who never heard it. Notation determines what a musical culture can…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
law
Fact

Trial by Jury

A procedure in which questions of fact in a legal case are decided by a panel of ordinary people rather than by a professional judge. It is used in a…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
linguistics
Fact

Writing Systems

The methods by which spoken language is recorded in visible marks. Writing has been invented independently only a small number of times, and every…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
sport
Fact

Association Football

The most widely played and watched sport in the world, contested by two teams of eleven who may not use their hands. Its modern form was codified in…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
economics
Fact

Money

Anything generally accepted in exchange for goods and services. It is defined by what it does rather than by what it is made of, and almost every…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
mathematics
Fact

Calculus

The mathematics of continuous change, comprising the differential calculus of rates and the integral calculus of accumulation, and the theorem…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
mathematics
Fact

Zero

The number representing nothing, and the symbol that makes positional notation possible. It arrived late, was resisted, and is the single most…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
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