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Capsule of the Day

DebunkedThe PolygraphThe instrument popularly called a lie detector, which records breathing, blood pressure, pulse and skin conductance dur…

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The library

Capsules

1,028 capsules, each one classified by the strength of its evidence.

All1,028Fact599Proven130Theory89Hypothesis71Contested90Debunked48
geography236biology88physics67history54medicine45astronomy33psychology26mathematics26chemistry20engineering20astrophysics19neuroscience19anthropology18art18
Filtered byhistoryClear all

Results

Showing 61 to 80 of 172

NewestMost votedA to Z
archaeology
Contested

The Collapse of Easter Island

Whether the people of Rapa Nui destroyed their own society by deforesting the island, or whether the collapse was caused by European contact, disease…

byCapsule
0 votes0 reviews
physics
Proven

Snell's Law

Light bends when it passes between materials, by an amount fixed by a simple ratio. The rule governs every lens, every fibre optic cable and the…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
physics
Proven

Electromagnetic Induction

A changing magnetic field produces an electric current. Michael Faraday demonstrated it in 1831, and essentially all the world's electricity is…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
physics
Proven

Archimedes' Principle

A body immersed in a fluid is pushed up by a force equal to the weight of the fluid it displaces. It explains why steel ships float, it is over two…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
physics
Proven

X-rays

A form of light too energetic to see, discovered by accident in 1895, which passes through flesh and is stopped by bone. Within months it was in…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
mathematics
Proven

Non-Euclidean Geometry

For two thousand years one of Euclid's assumptions looked like it should be provable from the others. It is not. Denying it produces consistent…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
medicine
Proven

Semmelweis and Handwashing

A Hungarian obstetrician worked out in 1847 that doctors were killing women in childbirth by carrying something on their hands from the dissection…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
physics
Proven

Nuclear Fission

Splitting a heavy nucleus releases about a hundred million times more energy per atom than a chemical reaction. It was discovered by accident in…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
physics
Proven

Rutherford Scattering

Firing alpha particles at gold foil and finding that a few bounced back. The result destroyed the prevailing model of the atom, established that…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
psychology
Hypothesis

The Bicameral Mind

Julian Jaynes proposed in 1976 that people three thousand years ago were not conscious in the way we are, that they experienced their own thoughts as…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
medicine
Proven

The Circulation of the Blood

William Harvey demonstrated in 1628 that blood circulates in a closed loop driven by the heart. He proved it by measurement, against a doctrine that…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
medicine
Proven

General Anaesthesia

Surgery without pain, without memory, and without movement, produced reliably millions of times a year. That it works is beyond question. How it…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
physics
Proven

The Michelson-Morley Experiment

In 1887 two men in a basement in Cleveland tried to measure the Earth's motion through the medium light was assumed to travel in. They found nothing.…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
urban planning
Contested

Urban Renewal

The mid-twentieth-century programme of clearing dense older neighbourhoods and rebuilding them to a plan. It reshaped cities across North America and…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
religion
Contested

The Axial Age

The claim that between roughly 800 and 200 BC, several unconnected civilisations independently produced a similar transformation in religious and…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
religion
Contested

The Historical Jesus

The attempt to describe Jesus of Nazareth using the methods historians apply to any other figure of antiquity, setting aside theological claims. That…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
religion
Theory

The Documentary Hypothesis

The first five books of the Hebrew Bible read as though several documents were combined by an editor, and the documentary hypothesis is the attempt…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
agriculture
Contested

The Green Revolution

Between the 1950s and the 1980s, new crop varieties and the inputs they required roughly tripled cereal production across much of Asia and Latin…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
literature
Debunked

The Shakespeare Authorship Question

The claim that the works attributed to William Shakespeare were written by someone else. It has attracted eminent supporters for a hundred and…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
architecture
Contested

Brutalism

Brutalism is a postwar architectural movement built around exposed structure and raw concrete. It produced buildings that are among the most admired…

byCapsule0 votes0 reviews
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